A new technique for timing the double pulsar system

In 2004, McLaughlin et al. discovered a phenomenon in the radio emission of PSR J0737−3039B (B) that resembles drifting subpulses. The repeat rate of the subpulses is equal to the spin frequency of PSR J0737−3039A (A); this led to the suggestion that they are caused by incidence upon B's magnetosphere of electromagnetic radiation from A. Here, we describe a geometrical model which predicts the delay of B's subpulses relative to A's radio pulses. We show that measuring these delays is equivalent to tracking A's rotation from the point of view of a hypothetical observer located near B. This has three main astrophysical applications: (i) to determine the sense of rotation of A relative to its orbital plane, (ii) to estimate where in B's magnetosphere the radio subpulses are modulated and (iii) to provide an independent estimate of the mass ratio of A and B. The latter might improve existing tests of gravitational theories using this system.     

Ecosystem Health: Assessment Framework,Spatial Evolution,and Regional Optimization in Southwest China

Regional ecological health,the core of comprehensive ecosystem assessments,is an important foundation for regional exploration,environmental conservation,and sustainable development.The mountainous areas in southwest China are backward in economy,but industrialization and urbanization have been rapid in recent years.This study assessed the ecosystem health of the Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in China using a pressure-state-response(PSR)model.Spatiotemporal patterns of regional ecosystem health were analyzed from 2000 to 2016,including overall characteristics as well as local characteristics.Ecosystem health in most regions was improved over time(Y=0.0058 X–11.0132,R2=0.95,P<0.001),and areas with poorer ecosystem health decreased from half to one-third of the total area.Analysis of the primacy ratio and the variation coefficient confirmed that the gap in health scores between regions has gradually expanded since 2007,but there are more high quality regions overall(Z of Moran’s index<1.96,P>0.05).Overall,the regional ecosystems to the east of the Hu line-an imaginary line dividing east and west China into roughly equivalent parts-were healthier than those to the west.The pressure and state scores of ecosystems were determined by physiographic condition,and the response scores by government policies and social concern.The spatiotemporal patterns of ecosystem health were dominated to a greater extent by natural than anthropogenic factors,which explains why the shift in the patterns aligned with the direction of the Hu line.Dividing regions into key management areas based on natural geographical conditions and socioeconomic development could contribute to the formulation of a reasonable ecological and environmental protection policy,guaranteeing ecosystem services in the long run.     

基于PSR模型的浙江望东垟亚高山湿地生态安全评价

以浙江景宁望东垟亚高山湿地为研究对象,对其生态安全状况进行评价,旨在有效指导湿地保护与利用的尺度和方向。根据压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,结合望东垟生态环境自身的特点,选取能反映亚高山湿地生态安全的18项指标,建立了望东垟湿地生态安全评价指标体系。利用层次分析法(AHP法)和定性分析法确定各项指标的权重,并利用综合指数法对湿地生态系统安全状况进行综合评价,得出望东垟亚高山湿地的生态安全综合指数为4.3702,生态安全处于"一般"状态。     

A deep search for pulsar wind nebulae using pulsar gating

Using the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) we have imaged the fields around five promising pulsar candidates to search for radio pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe). We have used the ATCA in its pulsar-gating mode; this enables an image to be formed containing only off-pulse visibilities, thereby dramatically improving the sensitivity to any underlying PWN. Data from the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope were also used to provide sensitivity on larger spatial scales. This survey found a faint new PWN around PSR B0906−49; here we report on non-detections of PWNe towards PSRs B1046−58, B1055−52, B1610−50 and J1105−6107. Our radio observations of the field around PSR B1055−52 argue against previous claims of an extended X-ray and radio PWN associated with the pulsar. If these pulsars power unseen, compact radio PWNe, upper limits on the radio flux indicate that a fraction of less than 10⁻⁶ of their spin-down energy is used to power this emission. Alternatively, PSRs B1046−58 and B1610−50 may have relativistic winds similar to other young pulsars and the unseen PWN may be resolved and fainter than our surface brightness sensitivity threshold. We can then determine upper limits on the local interstellar medium (ISM) density of 2.2×10⁻³ and 1×10⁻² cm⁻³, respectively. Furthermore, we derive the spatial velocities of these pulsars to be ∼450 km s⁻¹ and thus rule out the association of PSR B1610−50 with supernova remnant (SNR) G332.4+00.1 (Kes 32). Strong limits on the ratio of unpulsed to pulsed emission are also determined for three pulsars.     

基于PSR模型的渔业用岛生态状况评价——以菜坨子岛为例

菜坨子岛位于大连市长海县,为无居民海岛,功能定位为渔业用岛。依据无居民海岛生态系统的特点和渔业用岛功能定位,文章使用压力-状态-响应模型设置3层指标体系,对菜坨子岛生态状况进行评价。指标评价方法采用专家评价法及单因子环境质量指数法、综合评价指数法等计算各级权重值和指标值。基于2015年现场调查数据,采用层次分析法对压力-状态-响应模型进行计算,得出菜坨子岛年生态状况分值及评价结果。结果表明,菜坨子岛总体状态为“优”（分值为0.811 1）。此外,经过对评价指标进一步优化后,可将该评价方法推广到对其他渔业用无居民海岛的生态状况评价,为其开发和保护提供依据。     

岩溶地区旅游生态安全评价及趋势分析——以广西为例

岩溶地区拥有丰富的旅游资源,但是生态环境相对脆弱,根据岩溶地区旅游发展的特点,以"压力-状态-响应"（PSR）模型为基础,同时从生态安全的概念出发,涵盖生态风险、生态健康和生态足迹指标,建立了岩溶地区旅游生态安全评价指标体系。调整的主要指标包括:土地压力指标、旅游经济密度、年平均气温和年平均降雨量指标、旅游空间密度、游客密度指数、旅游收入指标等。采用综合指数法和熵权法,分别引入2012年和2007年两年的数据,对广西岩溶地区旅游生态安全的现状、发展趋势及变化趋势的内在原因进行了分析。实证结果表明:（1）从现状评价看,2007、2012年广西岩溶地区旅游生态安全水平总体较低,处于安全级别的城市主要位于广西中部区域,其他城市则处于不安全级别;（2）从影响指标看,经济状态和旅游生态状态对当地的旅游生态安全影响较大;（3）从变化趋势看,广西岩溶地区旅游生态安全状态逐渐好转,广西中部地区保持安全状态,紧邻广西中部地区的地市处于持续危险区域,但综合指数呈上升趋势;梧州和贵港两个位于广西东部的城市同样处于持续危险区域,但是旅游生态安全综合指数呈小幅下降趋势;（4）旅游生态安全状态和趋势与岩溶分布没有显著的相关关系。      

基于PSR模型的区域土地利用可持续性分析——以山东省济南市为例

山东省济南市是我国中部地区最为重要的城市之一。近年来,随着经济的不断发展,济南市土地可持续性利用问题成为了学术界研究的热点之一。该文主要运用了PSR模型,从压力-状态-响应3个方面选取了9个指标,构建了土地利用可持续性评价指标体系及模型,对山东省济南市进行了评价。研究结果表明,济南市土地利用可持续性整体上有了一定的提高,在未来发展中,济南市要始终注重耕地保护,用养结合,提高土地的可持续利用程度。