Research Progress on Physical Parameterization Schemes in Numerical Weather Prediction Models

Atmospheric physics in numerical weather prediction model which predominantly determines the evolution of atmospheric processes is mainly described by physical parameterization. As a result, the development of physical parameterization has been a hot research issue in the area of numerical prediction for a long time. In this regard, the theoretical background and history of physical parameterization schemes for convection, microphysics, and planetary boundary layer, were reviewed in this study. It is suggested that the advance of physical parameterization for the model with high-resolution grid spaces should be considered as a principle issue for numerical model development in the future. Although the gird spaces in current operational numerical models generally decrease toward 10 km owing to the rapid development of high-performance computation, yet most of these schemes are designed for coarse grid spaces. Because of this kind of deficiency, the theoretical basis of these schemes inevitably faces controversy. Directions for development of physical parameterization were also suggested according to the trends of research in numerical prediction.     

WRF模式对2013年1月华北一次大雾的数值对比试验

采用WRF模式系统模拟了2013年1月22—23日华北大雾天气过程,针对不同的边界层方案、微物理方案和陆面方案,设计了三组数值试验方案,并利用地面观测资料对其模拟效果进行了对比分析,找出了部分最适合于此次大雾过程模拟的参数化方案,它们分别是TEMF边界层方案、Goddard微物理方案和RUC陆面方案。此次数值试验结果还表明,WRF模式对大雾天气地面风速风向的模拟能力较好,其他气象要素存在一定的误差,用10 m液态水含量和10 m相对湿度指标共同诊断大雾天气能有效提高大雾判识准确率。     

WRF中三种边界层参数化方案对新疆2.28大风过程模拟的对比分析

许多研究调查了模式预报对边界层方案的敏感性,但是这些研究基本上针对的是热力驱动的混合边界层。对于动力驱动的边界层,不同边界层方案的不同性能以及所带来的不同边界层气象要素的预报还不清楚。运用WRF3.4.1中三种边界参数化方案（YSU、MYJ、ACM2）对新疆2.28大风过程进行数值模拟分析,结果显示：三种边界参数化方案基本能模拟出发生大风的区域及大风过程中10m风速、2m温度和比湿的变化趋势;三种方案模拟的边界层内大气的温度、湿度出现差异与它们对边界层顶的夹卷过程、边界层内垂直混合的处理有关;YSU方案的模拟结果使得更多的高空动量下传,同时更多的有效位能转化为动能,MYJ方案模拟的20m/s的风场区域更大,受地形影响更明显,边界层内湍流更强。     

VARIATION IN THERMODYNAMIC STRUCTURE OF PBL AS A MONSOON DEPRESSION PASSES——A CASE STUDY

Vertical profiles of virtual potential temperature,specific humidity,temperature at saturation points,moist staticenergies along with parcel condensing levels using minisonde data are analysed for two stations through which a mon-soon depression passed.The height of the cloud base came down as low as 910 hPa level from 835 hPa.Equivalent po-tential temperature increased in the vertical profile as well as in the conserved variable diagram as the depression ap-proached the station.Parcel condensing levels showed clearly inversion top and cloud top but not in all cases.Moist stat-ic energy showed an increase upto 10 kJ/kg as the depression approached.     

精细PBL模式及其诊断应用

在已建立的一种三维非静力细网格Ｅ－ε湍能闭合的动力学框架基础上,作了一些改进的技术处理和试验,包括：（１）利用ＧＩＳ提供的地形资料,较精确地计算太阳辐射,进而诊断地面温度;（２）引进位势流概念,处理稳定层结条件下初始内插风场的风向变化;（３）引入动力学调整项Ｇ（αｏｂｓ－α）。在此基础上,就地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）提供的一个 ６０ｋｍ×４８ｋｍ区域作了边界层结构和湍流特征的数值模拟试验,并与实测作了比较,讨论了精细ＰＢＬ模式的模拟效果,结果表明,新建的ＰＢＬ模式能较好地模拟表征出复杂下垫面地域的陡峭地形和不规则海岸线对局地风场和湍流场的动力和热力学作用。     

Study On Development And Application Of A Regional Pbl Numerical Model

A regional scale (a few km to a few hundred km, minutes to days)planetary boundary layer (PBL) numerical model (RPBLM) has been successfully developed to simulateprecisely the boundary-layer three-dimensional characteristics. The RPBLM model with a high-resolutionnon-hydrostatic E - turbulence closure scheme has been applied to diagnose and prognosticate the PBL characteristicsover a complex underlying surface in the Hong Kong area of 60 km × 48 km. It is shown that the RPBLMmodel can be used to simulate the PBL characteristics including wind, temperature, water vapour andturbulence over such a complex underlying surface and that the simulated result is reasonably in agreementwith observations.     

BJ-RUC系统对北京夏季边界层的预报性能评估

以北京市观象台2010年8月、2011年8月每日3次 (08:00, 14:00, 20:00,北京时,下同) L波段探空秒间隔数据为实况,对BJ-RUC系统 (rapid updated cycle system for the Beijing area) 分析和预报边界层性能进行了初步评估。结果表明:BJ-RUC系统对北京地区夏季白天边界层的细致特征具有较好的预报能力,但也存在明显的系统性误差。08:00边界层偏冷; 14:00和20:00 1 km以下的边界层则显著偏暖, 边界层内明显偏湿。整体上模式对边界层内温度、湿度的预报误差均高于自由大气。该系统对北京地区边界层内早晨 (08:00) 从夜间山风向白天谷风环流过渡、午后 (14:00) 到日落后 (20:00)1500 m以下盛行西南偏南气流的日变化特征具有较强的预报能力。系统预报的14:00边界层顶高度与评估时段内实际对流边界层高度的变化趋势一致。但预报的对流边界层顶偏高,这与BJ-RUC系统采用YSU边界层参数化方案的垂直混合更强有关。     

Evaluating and Improving Wind Forecasts over South China: The Role of Orographic Parameterization in the GRAPES Model

Unresolved small-scale orographic(SSO) drags are parameterized in a regional model based on the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for the Tropical Mesoscale Model(GRAPES TMM). The SSO drags are represented by adding a sink term in the momentum equations. The maximum height of the mountain within the grid box is adopted in the SSO parameterization(SSOP) scheme as compensation for the drag. The effects of the unresolved topography are parameterized as the feedbacks to the momentum tendencies on the first model level in planetary boundary layer(PBL)parameterization. The SSOP scheme has been implemented and coupled with the PBL parameterization scheme within the model physics package. A monthly simulation is designed to examine the performance of the SSOP scheme over the complex terrain areas located in the southwest of Guangdong. The verification results show that the surface wind speed bias has been much alleviated by adopting the SSOP scheme, in addition to reduction of the wind bias in the lower troposphere. The target verification over Xinyi shows that the simulations with the SSOP scheme provide improved wind estimation over the complex regions in the southwest of Guangdong.