南渡江河口洪、枯季节水文泥沙变化特征及台风“海鸥”对入海水沙的影响

基于2014年最新的洪、枯季节实测资料,分析了南渡江河口海域水文泥沙的季节性变化特征,借助台风"海鸥"过境期间的河道监测数据,研究了台风天气造成的洪水事件对河流入海水沙通量的影响。研究结果表明:(1)洪、枯季节河口海域的水体层化作用不强,洪季的水温高于枯季,但盐度低于枯季。水温呈现向海递减的趋势,而盐度整体分布较为均匀;(2)河口水体含沙量近岸大于远岸,枯季河口三角洲泥沙向西输运。洪季含沙量明显高于枯季,大量泥沙在台风季节被冲刷入海,而后向海或向西输运扩散;(3)河口海域为不规则全日潮,呈现东西向往复流特征。温度、盐度和浊度均呈现较强的潮汐性变化特征;(4)枯季河道内存在明显的盐水楔,锋面处的垂向梯度很大,在口门向陆大约12—15 km以远的河道水体不再受潮汐影响;(5)台风"海鸥"影响下,南渡江洪峰期间的径流量和含沙量均远远超过多年平均值,反映了南渡江河口地区"台风季节"的特点。     

华南二叠纪层序地层与盆地演化

新兴的层序地层学,是盆地分析的重要手段。华南二叠纪是华南板块海西-印支阶段盆地演化的重要时期,沉积盆地类型划分为克拉通盆地、板内及板缘伸展盆地,以及东吴运动后出现的前陆盆地和弧后盆地。南方二叠系由11个层序和1个半超层序组成,不同类型沉积盆地中层序地层具有不同的层序特征和充填形式。二叠纪是海西-印支期盆地演化由成熟到消亡的转折阶段,它们发育于扩张环境下,总体上是由两个克拉通盆地夹持一个伸展盆地。两个克拉通盆地的发展不均衡,中央伸展盆地沿着加里东的拼合带发育。这一古地理古构造格局与加里东期十分相似,由此认为,华南晚古生代沉积的构造背景,并不是稳定的克拉通环境。     

Experimental Study on Complete Consolidation Behavior of Hong Kong Marine Deposits

The time-dependent feature of soft soils has gained intensive attraction in recent years. Due to the high water content and viscous property, the Hong Kong marine deposit (HKMD) frequently poses a challenge to geotechnical practice, particularly to the reclamation in Hong Kong. A key issue related to reclamation design, foundation construction and maintenance is excess settlement/deformation of the ground. Formation of HKMD typically goes through sedimentation and self-weight consolidation. A series of one-dimensional settling column consolidation tests, together with conventional oedometer tests were conducted on the HKMD. By normalizing parameter in settling stage, a unique global relationship of effective stress, σ_z′ and strain, ?_z could be established. Results reveal that the settling curve and settling rate are significantly affected by the sediment concentration in self-weight consolidation. After the primary self-weight consolidation, the settling rate is reduced in the “secondary self-weight consolidation.”     

南海西部表层沉积物钙质浮游生物分布与碳酸盐溶解

对南海西部300多个表层沉积样品中的浮游有孔虫和钙质超微化石定量分析表明，几乎所有样品均含浮游有孔虫、钙质超微化石，但丰度相差十分悬殊，浮游有孔虫丰度介于0．5～36673个／g之间，钙质超微化石丰度为0～1725个／10个视域，两者的分布规律相似。在陆坡区钙质浮游生物最富集，尤其在西沙群岛西南、南沙西部礁滩附近海区丰度最高；向深海盆区和陆架浅水区，钙质浮游生物丰度均下降。但从两者的丰度分布来看，其溶解程度不同，浮游有孔虫更容易溶解，在200～2000m水深区，丰度最高，2000m以下丰度锐减；而钙质超微化石的最富集区在500～3000m，且3000m以下仍较丰富。从碳酸盐的分布来看，本区碳酸盐的临界补偿深度(CCrD)为3500m，而CCD大于4300m，碳酸盐的溶解主要由有孔虫和钙质超微化石构成。     

大气干湿沉降样品处理及配套分析方法

本文介绍了干湿沉降样品处理方法及测定其各元素含量的配套分析方法。     

Tectonics and sedimentation around Kashinosaki Knoll: A subducting basement high in the eastern Nankai Trough

Abstract   When seamounts and other topographic highs on an oceanic plate are subducted, they cause significant deformation of the overriding plate and may act as asperities deeper in the seismogenic zone. Kashinosaki Knoll (KK) is an isolated basement high of volcanic origin on the subducting Philippine Sea Plate that will soon be subducted at the eastern Nankai Trough. Seismic reflection imaging reveals a thick accumulation of sediments (∼1200 m) over and around the knoll. The lower portion of the sedimentary section has a package of high-amplitude, continuous reflections, interpreted as turbidites, that lap onto steep basement slopes but are parallel to the gentler basement slopes. Total sediment thickness on the western and northern slopes is approximately 40–50% more than on the summit and southeastern slopes of KK. These characteristics imply that the basal sedimentary section northwest of KK was deposited by infrequent high-energy turbidity currents, whereas the area southeast of KK was dominated by hemipelagic sedimentation over asymmetric basement relief. From the sediment structure and magnetic anomalies, we estimate that the knoll likely formed near the spreading center of the Shikoku Basin in the early Miocene. Its origin differs from that of nearby Zenisu Ridge, which is a piece of the Shikoku Basin crust uplifted along a thrust fault related to the collision of the Izu–Bonin arc and Honshu. KK has been carried into the margin of the Nankai Trough, and its high topography is deflecting Quaternary trench turbidites to the south. When KK collides with the accretionary prism in about 1 My, the associated variations in sediment type and thickness around the knoll will likely result in complex local variations in prism deformation.     

Use of fallout 137Cs for documenting the chronology of overbank sediments from the river Sava, Croatia, and interpreting their geochemical patterns

This paper attempts to determine the impact of former Pb-Zn-Ba mining activities in Slovenian drainage basin on overbank sediments of the Sava river (West Croatia). Among the four studied sequences (S7, S8, S9, S10), the most upstream profile S7 showed the most pronounced impact of ore mining. Mercury was enriched more than 100-fold; Pb and Zn had a strong positive correlation (r > 0.99). Two factor models clearly revealed the Pb-Ba-Hg association in the lower-lying carbonate (CA) population of all four profiles, but only in the overlying silicate (SI) population of profile S7. Factor analysis confirmed this association in the total sediment (90 samples) as well as separately in the CA (33 samples) and SI (57 samples) populations. Based on a comparison with an undisturbed soil profile, the vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs in profile S7 was interpreted to be the combination of caesium deposition caused by a flood in 1964 and by post-depositional redistribution.     

The world''s large lake basins as denudation-accumulation systems and implications for their lifetimes

The mechanical denudation rates of 81 large lake basins (lake area > 500 km²) were determined from long-term river loads and erosion maps. Using the drainage area/lake area ratios the mean sedimentation rates of the lakes were calculated for a porosity of 0.3. The mean sedimentation rates of different lake types vary between 0.1 mm/a (glacial lakes, lowland) and 5.4 mm/a (mostly sag basin lakes). The calculated lifetimes of the lakes are based on the lake volumes and mean sedimentation rates, assuming steady-state conditions and solely clastic material. On average, glacial lakes in highlands and fault-related lakes show the shortest lifetimes (c. 70 ka), glacial lakes in lowlands and rift lakes have the longest lifetimes (c. 1 Ma). Some lakes remain unfilled for very long time spans due to rapid subsidence of their basin floors. The calculated lifetimes are compared with those derived from sediment core studies. Most core studies indicate lower mechanical sedimentation rates than the calculated ones because a major part of the incoming sediment is trapped in deltas. However, a number of lakes (e.g., the Great Lakes of North America) show the opposite tendency which is largely caused by extensive shoreline erosion and resuspension. The lifetimes of large glacial lakes often exceed the duration of interglacials. Hence, their lifetimes are restricted by glaciation and not by sediment infill. Rift lakes persist for long time periods which exceed the calculated lifetimes in some cases. Time-dependent subsidence, basin extension, as well as the impact of climate change are briefly described.     

胜利油田博兴洼陷沙三段高青砂岩体沉积模式研究

为了预测砂体分布规律与岩性圈闭有利区带,指导下一步勘探,采用微观组分特征、岩石结构、粒度分布特征和沉积微相分析等方法,分析研究了高青砂岩体的沉积模式。研究表明,高青砂岩体的沉积微相有水下分流河道、河口砂坝、前缘席状砂沉积、砂泥互层沉积、前扇三角洲深水湖泊沉积。砂岩体的沉积模式分为三种：下部（G3）属（扇）三角洲水下部分沉积,中部（G2）属三角洲水下部分沉积,但湖泊中心和沉积中心进一步向南东方向迁移,上部（G1）与中部相似,但水下主分流河道以向南南东方向展布为主。根据高青砂体所处的构造位置及砂体与围岩的相互关系,确定了砂岩体的沉积环境为扇三角洲前缘与前扇三角洲。