2000—2017年湖南省土地耕作适宜性、气候生产潜力与LUCC过程动态特征

定量分析土地耕作适宜性、气候生产潜力与土地利用/土地覆盖变化(LUCC)的动态特征是科学规划土地利用、有效保护耕地资源的基础。本文基于湖南省气候、土地覆被、地形等数据,采用气候生产潜力估算和趋势分析方法,以300 m×300 m栅格为计算单元,获得湖南省2000—2017年耕地气候生产潜力的变化趋势,并分析湖南省土地耕作适宜性、气候生产潜力与LUCC过程的关系。结果显示:湖南省最适宜耕作的土地主要分布在北部平原、中部和南部盆地、丘陵区,气候生产潜力为19 530~40 375 kg/ha,整体呈现东南部高西北部低。北纬28°以南的中部、中东部丘陵盆地区,是土地耕作适宜性和气候生产潜力组合最好的区域。86.5%的新增人造地表为最适宜耕作的耕地,说明新增人造地表主要以牺牲优良的耕地为代价。气候变化、气候生产潜力变化与LUCC过程密切相关,LUCC过程中流向耕地多为气候生产潜力增加区,而耕地转为林地等土地类型则属于气候生产潜力下降区,指示气候变化在驱动不同类型土地相互转变中的作用。上述结果可望为湖南省土地规划整治及山地资源开发等提供决策参考。     

经济海藻繁育、养殖及综合利用的回顾与展望

经济海藻繁育、养殖及综合利用是海洋农牧业及工业的重要组成部分。20世纪经过几代人的努力,我国在海带、紫菜、裙带菜及龙须菜的繁育、养殖关键技术等方面成功取得突破,为这些海藻的产业化提供坚实的保障,为我国成为世界海藻大国奠定了基础。海藻养殖产业为人们提供了食品、藻胶及其它丰富的产品,这包括保健品、功能食品、化妆品及药物等。海藻养殖产业也对人类经济、社会的发展起到重要作用,通过吸收环境中的二氧化碳、氮和磷,为海洋生态环境的改善发挥了重要作用。本文对我国海藻繁育、养殖及综合开发的历程进行简要回顾,对当前我国、中国科学院海洋研究海藻研究与应用进行了总结,对海藻研究发展的未来进行了展望;适应海藻产业从量向质的方向转变,同时兼顾生态环境效益,为我国海藻研发及应用提供参考。     

多平台融合的测绘类专业学生创新能力培养

本文以“科技创新”“社会实践”“科技竞赛”三大平台为出发点和落脚点,以测绘类专业学生创新能力培养为目的,通过具体分析多平台构建对测绘类专业学生创新能力提升的实现路径,挖掘多平台协同育人机制,拓展多平台融合对测绘类专业学生创新能力培养的效用,探索适合测绘类专业学生创新能力培养的模式,以期对国内其他地方高校测绘类专业学生创新能力培养提供经验借鉴。     

濒危灌木沙冬青育苗方式对比试验

采用大田作床、塑料大棚容器、露地容器、移植等育苗方式,通过2 a多的试验观察和分析,结果表明:大田作床育苗的沙冬青根、茎、叶在数量和质量上都优于其它3种育苗方式,且生长健壮,发枝率高,根系分布广,干物质产量高,无病虫害发生。     

长江上游退耕还林区的土壤退化与肥力重建

长江上游退耕还林战略举措的关键技术之一是要模清主该区土壤性状和退化问题,进而肝取行之有效的土壤退化防治措施,尽快恢复生态、保护长江全安。以占该区面积最大的紫色土退化为例,提出了该区土壤退化特征、类型和发生现状。指出该区环境的脆弱性和人为干扰是土壤退化根本成果,建议：（１）建立保护区全面封禁管护（２）构建网格生物篱保持水土增厚土层（３）加强土壤碳氮物质循环强化培肥（４）分带治土造林建立垄沟种植培肥体     

Two complimentary and integrated land uses of the western High Atlas Mountains, Morocco: the potential for sustainable rural livelihoods

This paper examines the status of traditional agriculture in two areas of Azilal province in the Atlas Mountains, seeking to identify what is needed to counter any breakdown in livelihood strategies and improve the quality of life enjoyed by the farmers. Irrigated terrace agriculture is an important part of livelihood strategies in the areas studied and has the potential to be more productive and sustainable. In some areas it is reported to be endangered by socioeconomic changes and highland land degradation caused by excessive shifting cultivation, sheep and goat grazing, and charcoal production. Field visits made during summer 1998 to establish the condition of irrigated terrace and runoff agriculture and the factors affecting it showed that in at least one of the villages supportive social capital has ensured that challenges are being met and beneficial innovations are being made. Considerable variation in success was evident from community to community, with some farmers maintaining adequate lifestyles and innovating, while in other communities prospects are less promising. The effects of structural adjustment have clearly been felt and may also have triggered some of the highland degradation and difficulties, which clearly threaten some irrigated terrace agriculture and other livelihood practices.     

“项目导向”的测绘高技能人才培养途径探讨

通过校企合作,以区域典型测绘工程项目为导向,将测绘工程项目引入人才培养方案中,深化“项目导向”的人才培养模式改革,构建以项目工作任务为载体的课程体系,改革教学内容、教学方法和教学手段,探索测绘高技能人才培养途径。     

Effects of land management practices on labile organic carbon fractions in rice cultivation

A research trial with four land management practices, i.e., traditional tillage-fallow (TTF), traditional tillage-wheat (TTW), conservation tillage-fallow (CTF) and conservation tillage-wheat (CTW), was sampled in the 15th year after its establishment to assess the effects of different management practices on labile organic carbon fractions (LOCFs), such as easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in a typical paddy soil, Chongqing, Southwest China. The results indicated that LOCFs were significantly influenced by the combination of no-tillage, ridge culture and crop rotation. And, different combination patterns showed different effectiveness on soil LOCFs. The effects of no-tillage, ridge culture and wheat cultivation on EOC, DOC, POC and MBC mainly happened at 0–10cm. At this depth, soil under CTW had higher EOC, DOC, POC and MBC contents, compared to TTF, TTW and CTF, respectively. Moreover, the contents of LOCFs for different practices generally decreased when the soil depth increased. Our findings suggest that the paddy soil in Southwest China could be managed to concentrate greater quantities of EOC, DOC, POC and MBC. Foundation item: Under the auspices of Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40231016)     

宽礁膜的人工育苗及栽培

对宽礁膜室内人工育苗和栽培的主要技术进行了初步研究，包括海区栽培、游孢子萌发、生长及苗网的运输与保存、日常管理等。并利用全人工育苗网帘进行了宽礁膜的海区栽培生产,干品单产达691.5kg／km^3     

退耕还湿土壤生态恢复研究

退耕还湿是湿地生态恢复的重要举措,土壤生态恢复是退耕后湿地生态系统恢复的关键。从湿地土壤概念、退耕后土壤物理化学性质、生物化学性质变化及土壤生态恢复进程等几个方面进行了综述,最后对退耕还湿后土壤生态恢复的进一步研究提出展望。