晚秋前冬海洋性大陆区域向外长波辐射年际变化及其与云贵高原降水异常的联系

利用美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)向外长波辐射(OLR)月平均资料、欧洲中期数值预报中心(ECMWF)ERA-interim月平均再分析资料、全球降水气候中心(GPCC)降水资料及中国气象局国家气象信息中心提供的中国756站逐日观测资料,通过定义一个海洋性大陆区域对流强度指数(I_OLR),分析了海洋性大陆区域(Maritime Continent,MC)近35年来11月—次年1月对流活动特征,并揭示了11月—次年1月海洋性大陆区域对流活动强度的年际变化与同期云贵高原降水的联系。结果表明:海洋性大陆区域对流活动除了有逐渐增强的趋势外,还存在3—5 a及8—10 a的振荡周期。当海洋性大陆区域对流活动偏弱(强)时,云贵高原西部降水偏少(多),东部降水偏多(少),高原东西部之间降水分布差异加大(减小)。引起云贵高原降水异常的原因有3个方面:一是在海洋性大陆区域与云贵高原间存在显著的异常垂直环流圈,当下沉(上升)支位于海洋性大陆区域时,上升(下沉)支将位于云贵高原地区。而云贵高原地形可能对云贵高原降水异常在东南部和西北部的差别的产生存在影响;二是海洋性大陆区域在对流层低层的辐散和对流层上层的辐合运动为热带和高原以东地区提供了异常的位涡强迫,直接导致对流层低层南海—孟加拉湾地区异常反气旋和对流层上层位于中国南方的异常气旋性环流的产生;三是由于海洋性大陆区域辐散运动作为位涡制造而激发的位涡扰动的能量从热带地区向云贵高原及其东侧频散并辐合,对云贵高原上空扰动异常的维持起到了重要作用。这些结果有利于深刻理解云贵高原冬季降水异常的形成机理以及为寻找降水异常预测因子提供了有用的线索。     

Climatological features of the global tropical subsidence region based on satellite observations

Consisting of subtropical highs and tropical buffer zone, the global tropical subsidence region is the subsidence branches of Hadley cell, Walker circulation and monsoon circulation which are important com-ponents of the global general circulation. This region is closely connected with Asian monsoon. Based on long-term satellite observations of OLR (Outgoing Longwave Radiation) and HIRS-Tbl2 (the bright tem-perature from High-resolution Infra-red Radiation Sounder Channel 12 (6.7μm)), the climatological fea-tures over the global tropical subsidence region are studied in this paper and the main findings are as follows:1) Based on the physical meaning of satellite observed HIRS-12 and comparison with the satellite ob?served OLR and climatological maps of conventional observations of geopotential height and vertical veloc?ity at 500 hPa from NCEP / NCAR reanalysis data, it was found that HIRS-12 might be the best indicator of the global tropical subsidence region from the satellite observations.2) Using satellite observed HIRS-12, some new climatological features were revealed, especially those related with Asian monsoon.3) Comparing the climatological characteristics of tropical subsidence regions between both hemi-spheres, it was found that the circulation in the Northern Hemisphere is more complicated and much closely related with monsoon circulation than that in the Southern Hemisphere. Sudden decay of subsidence movement before monsoon onsets over the South China Sea revealed by HIRS-12 suggested that in the future study of Asian monsoon, it should be paid attention to not only the development of convection but also the variation of tropical subsidence region. It is very useful to monitor the convective and subsidence movements in the tropics by using OLR and HIRS-Tbl2 have been observed from satellite.     

青海玛多MS7.4地震前LURR与OLR短临异常关联性研究

加卸载响应比(LURR)是根据岩石应力-应变关系的动态演化规律提出的地震预测方法。以Benioff应变为响应量,分析青海玛多M_S7.4地震前震中及其周边400 km内的LURR异常的演化特征发现,在震前一个月LURR值达到最高值,半个月之后出现高值回落的现象,说明此时孕震区岩石介质已进入屈服阶段的末端。在此基础上,利用NOAA卫星地面长波辐射(OLR)数据,分析高值回落后(5月14—25日)地面长波辐射值的短临异常演化规律。结果显示:震前在空间上仅仅在震中北部出现OLR显著且连续的短临异常变化并呈现向震中扩展的趋势,在时间上整个演化过程经历了初始增温-异常扩展-达到峰值-异常减弱-地震发生-异常消失等6个阶段。LURR和OLR震前短临异常特征说明,回落前的LURR高值反映了岩石介质屈服阶段的结束,OLR在一定程度上可以表征处于临界状态的活动断层的构造应力累积状态,综合研究两种物理参量震前异常演化特征,有助于更准确评估地震活动趋势。     

夏季海洋性大陆区域OLR年际变动与中国长江中上游旱涝的关系

利用1979—2007年的NECP资料、GISST月平均资料和中国160个降水测站资料，用SVD方法分析了热带海洋性大陆区域OLR与夏季中国降水场的关系。结果表明：孟加拉湾、南海季风槽、南太平洋辐合带（SPCZ）、印尼群岛及其附近海域的对流活动与我国夏季长江中上游降水场存在密切联系。若孟加拉湾、南海季风槽、南太平洋辐合带区的OLR偏高（偏低），及东印度洋、印尼群岛附近的OLR偏低（偏高），则夏季长江中上游及以北地区的降水偏多（偏少）。定义了与长江中上游降水相关的海洋性大陆区域OLR指数IMCOLR，并由IMCOLR指数确定高低值年再进行合成分析，发现印尼群岛及其海域气柱内净的辐射和海表热通量的异常增加，有利于该地区对流活动增强和OLR负异常的产生和维持；而孟加拉湾、南海和热带西太平洋存在海表热通量的减弱和辐射冷却的加强，有利于对流活动减弱，导致潜热释放异常减少和维持OLR正异常。热带海洋性大陆区域对流活动IMCOLR与海表温度异常间的相关关系表明，热带海洋性大陆地区对流活动的年际变动可受到热带印度洋海温异常和太平洋区域“三级型”海温异常的共同影响。这些热力强迫异常可导致对流层低层大气异常响应，产生P-J类遥相关，影响中国长江流域中上游降水异常。     

南亚夏季风期间500hPa环流和系统的变化

应用１９８５年５～９月南亚地区ＯＬＲ格点资料和同期该范围５００ｈＰａ位势高度格点资料，通过自然正交函数（ＥＯＦ）展开和功率谱、交叉谱分析，研究了南亚地区夏季风期间对流发展空间分布的两种主要类型及其和天气系统活动的关系、时间演变特征等。     

Air-sea Coupling During the Tropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean: A Case Study Using Satellite Observations

In the years 1999 and 2001, three intense tropical cyclones formed over the northern Indian Ocean—two over the Bay of Bengal during 15–19 and 25–29 October, 1999 and one over the Arabian Sea during 21–28 May, 2001. We examined the thermal, salinity and circulation responses at the sea surface due to these severe cyclones in order to understand the air-sea coupling using data from satellite measurements and model simulations. It is found that the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) cooled by about 0.5 °–0.8 °C in the Bay of Bengal and 2 °C in the Arabian Sea. In the Bay of Bengal, this cooling took place beneath the cyclone center whereas in the Arabian Sea, the cooling occurred behind the cyclone only a few days later. This contrasting oceanic response resulted mainly from the salinity stratification in the Bay of Bengal and thermal stratification in the Arabian Sea and the associated mixing processes. In particular, the cyclones moved over the region of low salinity and smaller mixed layer depth with a distinct mixed layer deepening to the left side of the cyclone track. It is envisaged that daily satellite estimates of SST and Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) using Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) and model simulated mixed layer depth would be useful for the study of tropical cyclones and prediction of their path over the northern Indian Ocean.     

OLR资料描述西太平洋副热带高压的一种方法

该文介绍了用OLR场表达逐日西太平洋副热带高压的一种方法, 并指出用这种表达能够克服用588 dagpm等高线勾划副热带高压单体的失真现象。     

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF EFFECTS OF OLR FIELDS ON ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF TROPICAL CYCLONE IN FUJIAN

Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) has been shown to play an important role in climatic diagnosis and long-term prediction and research. With the OLR data 1974 ~ 1997 as observed by satellites, the characteristics are computed. The results are used to depict the location and intensity of the subtropical high in the study of the relationship between the annual frequency of tropical cyclones affecting the Fujian province and ITCZ / subtropical high. It is shown that in years of fewer (more) tropical cyclones, the ITCZ is southward (northward) located with weaker (stronger) intensity, and the subtropical high is southward (northward). As shown in the relationship between the anomalous years of tropical cyclones and characteristics of preceding OLR fields, the OLR anomalies are just oppositely distributed in the Pacific Ocean for years of more (fewer) tropical cyclones. In other words, the years of fewer (more) tropical cyclones are associated with positive anomalies of OLR in the tropical west Pacific but negative (positive) anomalies in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific. It is hoped that our study be setting foundation for short-term climatological prediction of tropical cyclones.     

Synoptic weather conditions during BOBMEX

We document the flow features, which are associated with the important synoptic systems that affected the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and its neighbourhood and controlled the convective activity there during BOBMEX. The monsoon during July and August, 1999 was subdued. It was slightly more active in the initial phase of BOBMEX that commenced on 15th July 1999 and continued up to first week of August 1999 but weakened during the second half of August. The convection was accordingly affected, reducing the rainfall over India. There were several active and weak spells of convection over the Bay of Bengal that manifested in five low pressure systems, of which two became depressions.     

OLR与南海热带气旋发展的关系

利用OLR资料，对近十多年(1990～2000年)的南海热带气旋的发生、发展与OLR之间的关系进行了分析研究。研究结果表明:南海热带低压能否发展加强成热带风暴与南海区及其附近OLR值的变化有较好的对应关系；OLR低值中心存在于辐合带中热带低压易发展；在双台风状态下，两个低值中心的强弱情况和距离决定热带低压能否发展。通过定义一个南海热带低压的发展指数IOD（Index of Development）来定量描述OLR等值线的梯度变化和南海热带低压发展的关系；当南海热带低压的发展指数IOD≥9时，热带低压易发展成为热带风暴