Interspecies competition for nutrients between Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu and Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve in mesocosm experiments

Three mesocosm experiments were conducted in the East China Sea during blooms of Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu in May of 1998, 2002 and 2003 to examine the role of nutrients in the formation of these harmful algae blooms (HABs). The results showed that there was interspecies competition between P. donghaiense and Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve. The cell number of P. donghaiense and S. costatum accounted for about 85% and 11% of the total cell number of phytoplankton respectively at the beginning of the experiment in May 1998. In May 2002, at the beginning of the experiment, the cell number of P. donghaiense accounted for 55%—66% of the total and S. costatum accounted for 32%—42%. The density of P. donghaiense and S. costatum was over 95% and 1%—5% respectively in May 2003. The results of these three mesocosm experiments showed that the dominant species in this specific community varied with different nutrient availability. Under lowphosphate conditions, the dominant species was P. donghaiense, while S. costatum became dominant in phosphatereplete cases. The average growth rate (1.08 d-1) of S. costatum in exponential growth phase was higher than that (0.39 d-1) of P. donghaiense. In the mesocosm, S. costatum predominated in the mesocosm by its rapid growth. When phosphorus was depleted, the cell number of S. costatum dropped rapidly, while P. donghaiense Lu decreased more slowly. The results from mesocosm experiment may explain why: (1) P. donghaiense bloom usually occurs in May, when phosphate concentration is low; (2) the bloom of S. costatum appears in early spring and summer time, when nutrients increase with increasing Changjiang River (Yangtze River) runoff; (3) the bloom of S. costatum is short and that of P. donghaiense Lu can last more than a month in the East China Sea.     

热带太平洋对风应力拖曳系数响应的敏感性试验

为了检验一个准全球的海洋环流模式中热带太平洋对风应力变化的响应,使用NCEP月平均再分析资料计算的强迫场强迫该模式进行控制试验,在(10.5°S～9.5°N,159.75°E～110.25°W)的区域增大或减小风应力拖曳系数进行敏感性试验,并把试验结果与同时段的SODA资料进行分析比较.该模式基本能模拟出海洋环流的基本气候态,但是对一些细节描述还不够准确.试验结果表明,风应力减小时可以改善模式对热带东太平洋冷舌的模拟,而对次表层温度和流场的刻画能力较弱.增大风应力则对次表层温度和流场的模拟有所改善.通过对模式中热量收支的分析可知,平流过程、扩散过程对热带太平洋海表温度的变化起到了重要的作用;海表面热交换可以促使海温距平向相反的方向发展.垂直输送对赤道中东太平洋表层的降温起重要作用,抑制了次表层的增暖,水平平流过程则促进了赤道太平洋次表层的增暖.     

Experimental Research on Wave Transmission over Submerged Rubble-Mound Breakwaters

This paper discusses some previous, and presents some new experimental results on wave transmission oversubmerged breakwaters. The objective of this study is to evaluate wave transmission coefficient and develop two-dimensional (2D) model as an improvement to the existing wave transmission coefficient models. Factors which affect wave transmission over submerged breakwaters are discussed through series of laboratory experiments. Basic recommendations for evaluation and design of submerged rubble-monud breakwaters are presented.From the test results, calculation formula of wave transmission coefficient is proposed.     

围隔实验研究台湾海峡2005年夏季小型浮游动物对硅藻水华的摄食

为了研究小型浮游动物对近岸浮游植物藻华的摄食调控作用,于2005年7月,应用"稀释法"并结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)光合色素分析技术,研究了台湾海峡船基围隔实验条件下浮游植物生长率及小型浮游动物摄食率的日变动。结果表明:由于营养盐添加的影响,迅速形成了以尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)为优势种的藻华,生物量(叶绿素a)从实验初始7月6日的1.45μg/dm3迅速增加到7月8日的29.80μg/dm3,随后消退。镜检和光合色素分析的结果显示,实验期间一直以此硅藻占绝对优势。浮游植物的生长率在藻华峰值(7月8日)前保持了较高的生长速率(>1.0/d)且大于小型浮游动物的摄食率;小型浮游动物的摄食率也逐渐增加,7月7日时达到0.86/d,显示有57%以上的浮游植物现存量被摄食。7月8日后,水华迅速消退,摄食率除13日外,均大于浮游植物的生长率。小型浮游动物主要由急游虫(Strombidium spp.)、侠盗虫(Strobilidium spp.)等无壳纤毛虫、异养甲藻-螺旋环沟藻(Gyrodinium spirale)及砂壳纤毛虫等组成,其对浮游植物的生长迅速作出了反应,各类群的丰度在水华峰值后的7月9日均几达最大值,水华后期(11日)大型的无壳纤毛虫达最大值。小型浮游动物的这种组成及变动特点是其保持较高摄食率及一定程度上控制和促进藻华消退的原因之一。     

长江口外颗粒有机碳及光合色素在不同溶氧水平下早期降解速率研究

有机质降解是低氧形成的重要原因.长江口外的低氧近几十年来日趋恶化,引起了大量学者关注,但现场有机质降解及相关的耗氧速率还鲜见报道.本研究通过人工控制体系溶氧(DO)水平,于2006年10月在曾经出现低氧的长江口外近海进行现场有机质降解培养实验,以模拟有机质在沉降进入近底层水后早期(9天)内的生物地球化学过程,估算有机碳降解速率和耗氧速率.培养实验表明,有机质在几天内即可出现明显的降解,并伴随体系pH的下降和细菌、病毒的增加.体系溶氧对有机碳(POC)降解速率影响较大,POC在DO＞95％条件下的降解速率是DO＜50％条件下的5倍,分别为1.5 mmol/(m3·d)和0.3 mmol/(m3·d).光合色素岩藻黄素(FUCO)和叶绿素a(Chla)含量在9天内呈指数下降,其中80％的FUCO在9天内发生了降解.指数方程能较好地实现对观测数据的拟合,结果表明Chl a的半衰期为3-4天.不同溶氧条件下的结果表明低溶氧条件(DO＜50％)下浮游植物更容易成为降解有机质的来源.根据POC降解速率估算得到长江口外溶氧消耗速率分别为82-91 mmol/(m2·d)(DO＞95％条件)和27-30 mmol/(m2·d)(DO＜50％条件),远高于深海氧通量和表层50 m南海的氧消耗通量;以此耗氧速率为基础,估算得到长江口外层化形成至发育出低氧的时间为50-150天.     

HDPE圆形升降式网箱下沉时最大倾角的研究

分析了1种HDPE双浮管圆形升降式网箱的沉降过程,并利用几何分析方法找出该升降式网箱沉降的最大倾角与网箱系统参数之间的关系,制作1个圆形升降式网箱模型,在静水池中进行沉降实验。试验过程中,通过水下摄像及图像处理软件找出网箱沉降时的最大倾角。模型网箱最大沉降倾角的理论计算值为22.77(°),实验观测值20.80(°),二者误差为9.4%,最大倾角的理论计算值和试验测量值基本吻合,说明理论计算方法是可行的。据此,计算出国内常用的周长40 m的HDPE双浮管圆形升降式网箱的最大沉降倾角为31.29(°)。并以周长40 m的双浮管HDPE圆形升降式网箱的尺度参数作为参考,分析该网箱浮绳框边长、沉降水深和网箱直径与网箱最大沉降倾角的关系,得出这三者与沉降倾角呈线性关系的结果,为HDPE双浮管圆形升降式网箱的设计及安全操作提供了理论依据。     

方斑东风螺养殖技术研究

本工作对方斑东风螺亲螺培育及产卵、种苗培养、幼螺养成过程中的一系列技术进行了研究,并对其行为及生态习性进行了观察.实验结果表明,在方斑东风螺养殖过程中,不同饵料培养效果的优劣顺序为牡蛎 〉鱼 〉鲆饵 〉鳗饵.在培养密度较高时,玻璃缸流水培养效果要优于静水培养.但同为低密度培养时,静水与流水效果差异不大.水泥池养殖结果显示平面养殖每平方米可养壳高15mm以下幼螺1 000～2 000个,壳高15～20mm的1 000～1 200个,壳高20～30mm以上的600～800个.使用鲍笼立体养殖亦可获得很高的成活率与生长率,将壳高20mm以上的幼螺放入鲍笼,4～5层笼叠加立体养殖,每平方米可养1 667～2 333个,笼养60d的成活率达95%以上.     

海雾生成过程中平流、湍流和辐射效应的数值试验

利用相对湿度方程,结合数值模式研究了在海雾生成过程中平流、湍流和辐射的效应。结果表明,海雾生成的主要“推动力”是长波辐射冷却,湍流冷却在低层主要发生在平流的初始阶段。随着时间的推移,湍流对低层大气很快变为起加热作用,不利于海雾的生成。湍流和辐射效应在低层大气中符号相反(仅在海雾生成的初始阶段符号相同),量级相同,在高层大气中湍流和辐射效应符号相同,但辐射效应占优势。湍流效应和辐射效应是影响海雾生成的主要因素,平流直接作用似乎不大。平流、湍流和辐射效应及其总效应均随时间推移而减小。另外,还初步研究了风速大小和海温高低对平流、湍流和辐射效应及海雾生成的影响。     

Bacterioplankton responses to iron enrichment during the SAGE experiment

We studied the microbial food web in the upper 100 m of the water column in iron-limited sub-Antarctic HNLC waters south-east of New Zealand in the SAGE experiment in 2004, with focus on bacterioplankton. Samples were collected daily from inside and outside the iron enriched patch. Short term enrichment experiments were conducted on board in 4 L polycarbonate bottles with water outside the iron enriched patch to study single and combined effects of micronutrient additions on microbial food web. Low bacterial growth was recorded in the study area with community turnover times of 50 h or more during the study period. Measurements of bacterial standing stocks and production rates in the study show minor responses to the large scale iron enrichment, with increase in rates and stocks after the first enrichment and at the end of the study period after the third iron enrichment when solar radiation increased and wind mixing decreased. The average daily bacterial production rates were 31.5 and 33.7 mgCm⁻² d⁻¹ for the OUT and IN stations, respectively; thus overall there was not a significant difference between the control and the iron-enriched patch. In the bottle experiments bacterial thymidine incorporation showed responses to single iron and silicic acid enrichments and a major growth response to the combined iron and sucrose enrichments. Phytoplankton chlorophyll-a showed clear stimulation by single additions of iron and silicic acid and silicic acid enhanced the iron impact. Cobalt additions had no effect on bacteria growth and a negative effect on phytoplankton growth. Low bacterial in situ growth rates and the enrichment experiments suggest that bacteria are co-limited by iron and carbon, and that bacterial iron uptake is dependent on carbon supply by the food web. With the high iron quota (??mol Fe mol C⁻¹) bacteria may scavenge considerable amounts of the excess iron, and thus influence the relative importance of the microbial food web as a carbon sink.