Intra-annual variability in nutrients in the Godavari estuary,India

Daily variations in nutrients were monitored for 15 months (September 2007–November 2008) in the Godavari estuary, Andhra Pradesh, India, at two fixed locations. River discharge has significant influence on nutrients loading to the estuary, which peaks during June–August (peak discharge period; monsoon) whereas exchanges at the sediment–water interface, groundwater and rainwater contribute significantly during other period. Despite significant amount of nutrients brought by discharge to the study region, phytoplankton biomass, in terms of chlorophyll-a (Chl a), did not increase significantly due to high suspended load and shallow photic depth. Nutrients showed downward gradient towards downstream of the estuary from upstream due to dilution by nutrient poor seawater and biological uptake. The N:P ratios were higher than Redfield ratio in both upstream and downstream of the estuary during no discharge period suggesting PO₄ to be a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton production, at levels <0.10 μmol L⁻¹. On the other hand, Si:N ratios were always more than unity during entire study period at both the stations indicating that Si(OH)₄ is not a limiting nutrient. Our results suggest that suspended matter limits phytoplankton biomass during peak discharge period whereas PO₄ during no discharge period.     

Characterization of Mediterranean magnetotactic bacteria

Magnetotactic bacteria are a diverse group of motile prokaryotes that are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats and cosmopolitan in distribution. In this study, we collected magnetotactic bacteria from the Mediterranean Sea. A remarkable diversity of morphotypes was observed, including multicellular types that seemed to differ from those previously found in North and South America. Another interesting organism was one with magnetosomes arranged in a six-stranded bundle which occupied one third of the cell width. The magnetosome bundle was evident even under optic microscopy. These cells were connected together and swam as a linear entire unit. Magnetosomes did not always align up to form a straight linear chain. A chain composed of rectangle magnetosomes bent at a posi- tion with an oval crystal. High resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis of the crystal at the pivotal position suggested uncompleted formation of the crystal. This is the first report of Mediterranean magnetotactic bacteria, which should be useful for studies of biogeochemical cycling and geohistory of the Mediterranean Sea.     

Variations of foliar carbon isotope discrimination and nutrient concentrations in Artemisia ordosica and Caragana korshinskii at the southeastern margin of China’s Tengger Desert

Seasonal variations in foliar stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of Artemisia ordosica and Caragana korshinskii and correlations of foliar Δ with N, P, and K concentrations were studied under different planting regimes at the southeastern margin of China’s Tengger Desert. Foliar Δ, N, P, and K concentrations and the correlations of Δ with N, P, and K differed between the species and planting regimes. Foliar Δ, P and K concentrations in A. ordosica were markedly higher than in C. korshinskii, while foliar N concentrations in C. korshinskii was significantly higher than in A. ordosica. There were no significant differences in N, P, and K concentrations in C. korshinskii between planting regimes, but foliar Δ was significantly increased after June in mixed-species planting. In A. ordosica foliar N concentrations in mixed-species planting and foliar Δ in single-species planting were significantly higher than those of corresponding planting regimes. According to water-use efficiency (WUE) calculated based on foliar Δ, and on N, P, and K concentrations, C. korshinskii’s survival may profit from its higher WUE, whereas A. ordosica can avoid drought damage by its higher P and K concentrations in leaves in arid or semi-arid environments. The complex correlations of foliar Δ with foliar N, P and K suggested that water in C. korshinskii and water and P nutrition in A. ordosica were the key factors limiting their growth.     

华东地区农田土壤有机碳动态模拟研究——模型的验证与灵敏度分析

以建成的农田土壤有机碳动态模拟模型为基础,增加土壤pH值影响函数,利用3组土壤pH值迥异的长期定位试验数据对模型进行验证。这些定位试验在地理位置、气象条件、农作方式和土壤性质等方面都具有较大差异。结果表明:修正后的模型可以较好地模拟不同pH值条件下土壤有机碳的变化趋势,模拟值和观测值间的线性相关系数(r2)为0.96(n=137);模型输入参数的敏感程度为温度>外源有机碳>土壤pH值>难分解组分初值>降水>土壤粘粒。     

喀斯特地区碳酸酐酶与环境的关系及意义

本文综述了喀斯特地区碳酸酐酶及其与环境的关系和地球化学意义。碳循环通过碳酸酐酶影响水生生态系统。碳酸酐酶是水体碳循环的一个重要因子，是生物地球化学作用的一个重要标志。不同环境条件如水、光、pH值、无机和有机离子等可对碳酸酐酶活性造成不同程度的影响。对于不同岩溶生态系统，植被覆盖率低的土壤碳酸酐酶活性低于植被种类丰富的土壤碳酸酐酶活性。同一类型岩溶生态系统不同岩溶地形的土壤碳酸酐酶活性也不同。研究岩溶地区土壤碳酸酐酶的地球化学作用，可以为岩溶生态系统碳循环的研究提供新的途径和方法，并为岩溶地区石漠化的防治提供理论依据。     

Submarine groundwater discharge enhances primary productivity in the Yellow Sea,China:Insight from the separation of fresh and recirculated components

Submarine groundwater discharge(SGD)is being increasingly recognized as a significant source of nutri-ent into coastal waters,and generally comprises two components:submarine fresh groundwater dis-charge(SFGD)and recirculated saline groundwater discharge(RSGD).The separate evaluation of SFGD and RSGD is extremely limited as compared to the conventional estimation of total SGD and associated nutrient fluxes,especially in marginal-scale regions.In this study,new high-resolution radium isotopes data in seawater and coastal groundwater enabled an estimation of SGD flux in a typical marginal sea of the Yellow Sea.By establishing 226Ra and 228Ra mass balance models,we obtained the SGD-derived radium fluxes,and then estimated the SFGD and RSGD fluxes through a two end-member model.The results showed that the total SGD flux into the Yellow Sea was equivalent to approximately 6.6 times the total freshwater discharge of surrounding rivers,and the SFGD flux accounted for only 5.2％-8.8％of the total SGD.Considering the nutrient concentrations in coastal fresh and saline groundwater,we obtained the dissolved inorganic nutrient fluxes(mmol m-2 yr-1)to be 52-353 for nitrogen(DIN),0.21-1.4 for phosphorus(DIP),34-226 for silicon(DSi)via SFGD,and 69-262 for DIN,1.0-3.9 for DIP,70-368 for DSi via RSGD,with the sum of nutrient fluxes equaling to(1.8-9.3)-fold,(1.3-5.6)-fold and(2.0-9.5)-fold of the riverine inputs.Compared to the conventional estimation of the total SGD flux,the nutrient fluxes derived from the separation of SFGD and RSGD were(1.6-2.1),(1.6-1.8)and(4.0-4.9)times lower for DIN,DIP and DSi,respectively,indicating that the estimates by separating SFGD and RSGD could be conservative and representative results of the Yellow Sea.Furthermore,we suggested that SGD played an important role in nutrient sources among all the traditional nutrient inputs sources,providing 15％-48％,33％-68％and 14％-43％of the total DIN,DIP and DSi input fluxes into the Yellow Sea,and the high nutrient stoichiometric ratios(i.e.,DIN/DIP)in SGD probably contributed to the increasing ratios in the Yellow Sea.In addition delivering large amounts of nutrient into the Yellow Sea,SGD would create primary productivity of 10-49,1.6-6.8 and 8.8-42 g C m-2 yr-1 based on N,P and Si,which were equivalent to 5.2％-27％,0.9％-3.7％and 4.7％-23％of the total primary productivity,respectively.In par-ticular,the SFGD-derived DIN flux can be converted to primary productivity of 4.2-28 g C m-2 yr-1 thus demonstrating the disproportionately large role of SFGD in ecological environment of the Yellow Sea rel-ative to its flux.Therefore,we conclude that SGD,particularly SFGD,plays an important role as a nutrient source for the Yellow Sea,and not only affects nutrient budgets and structures but also enhances the pri-mary productivity.     

渤海沉积物中氮的形态及其在循环中的作用

利用分级浸取分离法首次将自然粒度下渤海表层沉积物中的氮分为可转化态氮和非转化态氮，并将可转化态氮区分为四种形态：离子交换态氮(IEF—N)、碳酸盐结合态氮(CF—N)、铁锰氧化态氮(IMOF—N)及有机态和硫化物结合态氮(OSF—N)，并对其分布进行了研究，估算了各形态氮对沉积物-海水界面循环的贡献。结果表明，渤海沉积物氮中可转化态氮占总氮(TN)的比例为30．85％，其中IEF—N、CF—N、IMOF—N和OSF—N所占比例分别为3．67％、0．31％、0．42％和26．45％，其分布呈现不同的地球化学特征，分布的控制因素亦不同；各形态氮释放的顺序与其在沉积物中结合的牢固程度一致，对界面循环的相对贡献随时间尺度发生变化，绝对贡献的大小与其在沉积物中的储存量大小一致，为0SF—N(84．6％)＞IEF—N(13、0％)＞IMOF—N(1．4％)＞CF—N(1、0％)；非转化态氮占TN的69．15％，其中约有49％是由于粒度因素所致。     

金属硫化物微生物氧化的机制和效应

岩石露头和矿山废弃物中的金属硫化物在地表、近地表条件下的氧化作用往往导致多种环境问题,因此,金属硫化物的地表风化一直是备受关注的表生过程之一。越来越多的证据表明微生物对矿物的氧化在金属硫化物风化过程中发挥着重要作用。实验研究发现:微生物在金属硫化物表面附着并形成微生物膜,在矿物-微生物膜界面微环境中存在着强烈的微生物氧化和化学氧化作用,两种氧化作用相互协同、共同促进。在此过程中,金属硫化物的S、As、Fe等元素经历了复杂的电子传递、逐级氧化的动力学过程,最终形成稳定的高铁硫酸盐或氧化物,并形成大量的酸性排水。该过程受多种因素的影响,包括细菌种类、光照和溶液Fe~(2+)浓度等。金属硫化物的微生物氧化直接导致重金属大量释放和严重的环境危害,释放的酸性排水还引发碳酸盐矿物分解和CO_2排放,会对全球碳循环产生不可忽视的影响。在地球演化的早期阶段,金属硫化物氧化消耗大气氧气可能导致大氧化进程滞后。尽管关于金属硫化物-微生物相互作用研究取得了长足的进展,但金属硫化物微生物氧化的分子机制和全球尺度的元素地球化学循环还有待深入研究,原位纳米观测技术的引入和全球物质循环模型研究具有必要性和紧迫性,同时也对生物冶金技术的发展有着重要的意义。     

浙江秀山海泥营养物质对环境生物抗氧化性能的影响

将浙江秀山海泥样品通过水浸提、离心沉降处理得到水溶相体系海泥提取液,按照20%(体积分数)加入到抗氧化性能评价体系中,采用BCS-Trolox法测定体系的总抗氧化性能,研究了温度、pH和时间对水溶相体系抗氧化性能的影响;分析了含水量为50%的浙江秀山海泥的营养成分,测定了生长于秀山滩涂海泥的菲律宾蛤仔和泥螺肌肉的SOD和GSH-Px的活力。结果表明,与已经开发成保健或泥疗产品的对照泥样相比,秀山海泥富含抗氧化活性营养成分V_A、V_E、V_C、Ge、Fe、Mg、Zn、Sr、Ca,总蛋白酶活性较强;该水溶相体系的抗氧化性能显著,20%的海泥提取液的抗氧化性能与(3.68±0.25)μmol/L的Trolox相当;温度对水溶相体系的抗氧化性能影响显著,pH、时间没有显著影响,因此确定最佳的水溶相体系制备条件为温度60℃、pH 5.6、时间10min;与对照组相比,秀山滩涂海泥能够激活菲律宾蛤仔和泥螺肌肉的SOD、GSH-Px的活性,提高机体的抗氧化性能。     

金属稳定同位素示踪俯冲带挥发分循环SCIEI北大核心CSCD

俯冲带挥发分的循环不仅深刻影响着地球各圈层之间的相互作用,而且在成矿金属元素迁移-富集以及全球气候变化等重要地质和环境过程中扮演着重要的角色。近年来,金属稳定同位素示踪俯冲带挥发分循环受到了广泛关注,取得了众多进展,但大多针对单个挥发性元素开展某个特定金属同位素的示踪研究。本文根据不同金属元素的地球化学性质差异及其与多种挥发分之间的结合形式,系统归纳了金属稳定同位素在示踪俯冲带不同挥发分循环方面的特点。整体上讲,镁和锌同位素体系示踪俯冲带碳循环最为有效;锂、镁、钾、钡、钼等金属同位素体系在示踪俯冲带水(流体)循环方面则具有各自的特点;锌同位素在示踪俯冲带硫循环方面有巨大潜力;铬同位素示踪俯冲带氯循环有独特优势;铁、铬、铜等变价金属同位素体系对挥发分的氧化还原状态较为敏感,有望示踪俯冲带氧循环。这些同位素体系对理解俯冲带挥发分循环提供了全新的视角,有望成为未来地球系统科学的重要研究方向。