聊古1井在不同取水模式下气体观测效果的对比分析

为解决聊古1井断流问题,聊城地震水化试验站先后引进、开发了人工激发引流观测技术和潜水泵变频稳流抽水技术.对天然自流观测系统、人工激发引流观测系统和潜水泵变频稳流抽水观测系统等3种不同取水模式下产出的气体观测数据进行一致性分析.结果表明,人工激发引流观测系统下气体观测动态特征年变比较明显,潜水泵变频稳流抽水观测系统下气体观测动态特征与天然自流状态下的动态特征基本一致.     

宁夏及邻区地震活动能量场时空变化特征

运用随机函数理论,将宁夏及邻区地震活动能量场看作时间和空间的随机函数,用自然正交函数展开方法,系统研究宁夏及邻区主要典型能量场的时间权重系数变化曲线以及典型能量场的空间等值线图。结果发现,目标曲线较大幅度的升、降变化预示了可能发生中强地震的时间段,而等值线图的高值变化（危险区）对应了可能发生中强地震的区域。     

Vitreous state in nature—Origin and properties

Vitreous materials are quite routinely found in natural settings. Most of them are aluminosilicates, which often occur in large deposits. Considering the geological formations in which naturally occurring vitreous aluminosilicates are found, they have generally remained stable for more than 1 Ma on the earth's surface, even in different geological and climatic environments. These non-crystalline solids played a very important role in the development of ancient human civilizations, long before the introduction of metallic tools. Today, however, the properties of natural glasses are of interest to mankind for completely different reasons. For example, industrial glasses are used today for encapsulating toxic wastes, especially radioactive waste, which remains active for centuries or more, in order to prevent the unwanted transfer of harmful materials to the environment. The chemical compositions of industrially produced glasses are in large part different from the compositions of natural glasses. Little is quantitatively known about the stability of industrial glasses over very long periods of time (>10,000 years). However, the physical and chemical stability of natural aluminosilicate glasses is known to extend over very long periods of time.The advancement of technological design to prevent or at least minimize the melt down of toxic waste during the encapsulation process is currently a major challenge, using glasses of natural chemical composition. Brecciated glass, which is found frequently in natural settings, provides a special clue to the possibility of producing vitreous solids by sintering glass fragments without melting the cullets. It is essential to prevent melting of the cullets because the melt has the potential of chemically reacting with the toxic waste.This paper summarizes the geological, chemical, and physical facts concerning naturally produced glasses, and seeks to establish a recognized database for further research in the domain of understanding the glass-forming processes that occur in nature. Furthermore, the authors hope to stimulate research into the utilization of natural resources that to solve the problem of storing of toxic waste safely.Major and trace element data have been collected over the past 100 years. These data constitute a sufficient basis for the chemical characterization of natural glasses. More information about the major elements is not required, in order to understand the chemical properties of these materials. On the other hand, large gaps in compositional data exist where other related components are concerned: e.g., in the case of “water-species”, with its different forms of bonding in silicates or oxygen (oxygen fugacity), CO₂-, sulphur - or hydrocarbons (methane)-, hydrogen-, chlorine-and fluorine-species. All these components have a significant impact on the properties of glasses, even when present only in minor quantities. Glass textures and crystal morphologies reflect the processes of nucleation and crystal growth in a glass-forming matrix during the cooling and reheating cycles which are currently not thoroughly understood. In nature, the processes that led to the formation of vitreous materials are very different from those used in the production of industrial glasses. The different genetic conditions under which glass formation occurs permit differentiation between magmatic and metamorphic vitreous solids. Sedimentary and biogenetic processes also contribute to the formation of non-crystalline solids.     

博物馆社会服务职能的现状与思考—以烟台自然博物馆建设为例

现当代博物馆是新形势下博物馆的发展趋势,它改变了传统博物馆被动保守的运作模式,实现由"以藏品为中心"向"以公众为中心"的理念转变,既能使公众领略自然科学的魅力和获取美的享受与感悟,还能突出地域特色和时代理念,实现贴近实际、贴近生活、贴近群众的时代使命。通过对烟台自然博物馆社会服务职能的分析定位,对如何在新时期更好开展博物馆社会服务职能工作有一定交流借鉴价值。     

Numerical studies of methane production from Class 1 gas hydrate accumulations enhanced with carbon dioxide injection

Class 1 gas hydrate accumulations are characterized by a permeable hydrate-bearing interval overlying a permeable interval with mobile gas, sandwiched between two impermeable intervals. Depressurization-induced dissociation is currently the favored technology for producing gas from Class 1 gas hydrate accumulations. The depressurization production technology requires heat transfer from the surrounding environment to sustain dissociation as the temperature drops toward the hydrate equilibrium point and leaves the reservoir void of gas hydrate. Production of gas hydrate accumulations by exchanging carbon dioxide with methane in the clathrate structure has been demonstrated in laboratory experiments and proposed as a field-scale technology. The carbon dioxide exchange technology has the potential for yielding higher production rates and mechanically stabilizing the reservoir by maintaining hydrate saturations. We used numerical simulation to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of using carbon dioxide injection to enhance the production of methane from Class 1 gas hydrate accumulations. Numerical simulations in this study were primarily concerned with the mechanisms and approaches of carbon dioxide injection to investigate whether methane production could be enhanced through this approach. To avoid excessive simulation execution times, a five-spot well pattern with a 500-m well spacing was approximated using a two-dimensional domain having well boundaries on the vertical sides and impermeable boundaries on the horizontal sides. Impermeable over- and under burden were included to account for heat transfer into the production interval. Simulation results indicate that low injection pressures can be used to reduce secondary hydrate formation and that direct contact of injected carbon dioxide with the methane hydrate present in the formation is limited due to bypass through the higher permeability gas zone.     

Choppy waters ahead in “a sea of peace cooperation and friendship”?: Slow progress towards the application of maritime joint development to the East China Sea

China and Japan’s June 2008 agreement in principle on maritime cooperation in the East China Sea raised hopes of a significant breakthrough in the parties' complex and long-standing disputes in the area. Subsequent progress towards the realisation of a legally binding, formal treaty on, for example, offshore petroleum joint development has been slow to materialise. In fact, the area under dispute appears to have become more rather than less extensive. This paper examines competing maritime and sovereignty claims in the East China Sea together with progress towards maritime cooperation in the context of overlapping jurisdictional claims. The paper identifies some of the key challenges that need to be overcome in realizing a functioning joint resource management regime in the East China Sea.     

History and adaptation stories of the vertebrate fauna of southern Spain’s semi-arid habitats

Southern Spain’s semi-arid habitats are a Mediterranean ecosystem modelled mainly by historic factors which make them unique in comparison with North African deserts. Southern Spanish vertebrates have adapted to the recent emergence of semi-arid habitats in varying degrees of success. This paper reviews the current status of these terrestrial vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals), their origins and their main features in relation to this biogeographic area. The vertebrate fauna of the semi-arid southeast of the Iberian peninsula differs widely from the one in the semi-arid Maghreb mainly because the former is composed by generalist vertebrates and much less so by species adapted to arid conditions. Moreover, a large fraction of the vertebrates in the semi-arid Iberia does not exploit the semi-arid areas but depends on riparian and human-managed habitats. The species diversity is rather low since only a small fraction of Palaearctic, European or Mediterranean species can adapt to the ecological limitations imposed by aridity and dwell in these semi-arid habitats. Such adaptations comprehend features like trophic plasticity, low morphological specialization, high dispersal ability, shortened life cycles and behavioural mechanisms to exploit the limited resources available. This paper identifies major conservation issues and proposes specific courses of action.     

土地利用变化对喀纳斯自然保护区生态系统服务价值的影响

应用喀纳斯自然保护区1980,2005年两个时期的LandsatTM影像解译数据,采用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算公式,参照中国单位面积生态服务价值系统,确定了喀纳斯自然保护区生态系统单位面积生态服务价值系数,分析了保护区土地利用变化对其生态系统服务价值的影响.结果表明,保护区林地面积在减少,草地,水域、建设用地面积有所增加;研究期内生态系统服务价值从26.79亿元减少到26.02亿元,天然有林地和高覆盖度草地的减少是生态服务价值降低的主要原因;保持土壤、维持生物多样性、气候调节等各单项功能服务价值均呈现不同程度的减少,说明保护区生态环境不断趋向恶化.     

“中国天然氧吧”品牌效益评估指标体系构建与应用——以江西省乐安县为例

开展“中国天然氧吧”品牌效益评估,对推动生态产品价值转换具有重要意义。运用层次分析法从生态效益、经济效益、社会效益三个方面构建了“中国天然氧吧”品牌效益评估指标体系,并细化为23个具体指标。结合模糊综合评价法,以江西省乐安县为例进行实际应用检验。结果表明：1）此效益评估体系和评估方法具有科学性和合理性,评价结果可以为政府部门合理开发旅游气候资源、推动“中国天然氧吧”品牌可持续发展提供借鉴。2）乐安县“中国天然氧吧”品牌综合效益属“良好”等级。3）针对低评分指标,提出当地政府需要加强生态环境保护规划、生态旅游开发力度和品牌宣传推广等建议。     

An amalgamated meter-thick sedimentary package enabled by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami in El Garrapatero,Galapagos Islands

Tsunamis and storms instigate sedimentological and geomorphological changes to the coastal system, both long-term and ephemeral. To accurately predict future coastal hazards, one must identify the records that are generated by the processes associated with these hazards and recognize what will be preserved. Using eyewitness accounts, photographs, and sedimentology, this study documents pre- and post-tsunami conditions and constrains the timing and process of depositional events during and following the 11 March 2011 Tohoku tsunami in the coastal system at El Garrapatero, Galapagos Islands. While the tsunami acted as both an erosional and depositional agent, the thick, fan-like sand sheet in El Garrapatero was primarily emplaced by overwash deposition during high tide from swell waves occurring between 19–25 March and 17–22 April 2011. The swell waves were only able to access the terrestrial coastal system via a channel carved by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami through the barrier sand dune. This combined deposit could result in an overestimation of the hazard if interpreted to be the result of only one event (either tsunami or wind-generated waves). An analogous sand layer, younger than 1390–1530 cal yr BP, may record a similar, prior event.