上海市集中测绘成果管理系统的建设与维护

本文在深入调研上海市集中测绘成果管理系统的基础上,通过对系统的建立与长期维护的总结,简要的介绍了系统实现的功能与系统架构,总结了系统建设过程中的思路与做法。着重阐述了系统在整合测绘处理与成果管理、保持基础数据的现势性方面所取得的成果,总结了系统在建设与使用过程中的优缺点,为其它地区建立或改造测绘成果系统提供借鉴。     

解析联合国教科文组织世界地质公园标准

2015年11月,世界地质公园正式成为联合国教科文组织的一个品牌,同时颁布了《国际地球科学和地质公园计划章程》(UNESCO,2015a)和《联合国教科文组织世界地质公园操作指南》(UNESCO,2015b),对世界地质公园的管理、组织架构、标准、申报、评估和再评估及活动等提出了明确的要求。中国是世界地质公园的创始国之一,拥有教科文组织世界地质公园的数量居各国之首。几年来的实践表明,一些地质公园和地方政府管理机构对世界地质公园的概念和标准的理解尚存在偏差,造成了工作上的被动局面。本文基于中国世界地质公园的实际状况,针对当前存在的现实问题,对教科文组织世界地质公园的标准进行解析,尤其对其范围、边界、品牌叠加等方面进行详细解读,以期对我国今后教科文组织地质公园的健康发展有所裨益。     

Main progress and prospect for China's hydrogeological survey

This paper reviewed the main achievements of hydrogeological survey in China, summarized the significant progress of hydrogeological survey over the past decade, and forecasted the key responsibilities for hydrogeological survey in the p14th Five-year Planq. The significant progress includes: China established the 1: 50 000 standard hydrogeological survey system with Chinese characteristics and produced the new generation of high-quality hydrogeological maps; the national groundwater monitoring project was completed and accepted, which marks China taking the leading position in groundwater monitoring internationally; fruitful results were achieved in the national groundwater quality survey, and groundwater quality background values were basically identified and checked; hydrogeological and environmental geological survey was continuously promoted in karst areas and the ecological restoration of rocky desertification achieved remarkable results; China strengthened layer exploration techniques for groundwater, integrating the key and practical techniques of layer exploration and monitoring; the exploration of groundwater in the poverty-stricken regions and old revolutionary base areas were effectively promoted to strongly guarantee the poverty alleviation and drinking water safety; the mystery of desert groundwater was uncovered, making up for the shortage of 1: 250 000 hydrogeological survey in the Badain Jaran Desert; and more efforts were made to conduct survey on the water resources in the basin, and to finish the unified measurement of national-scale groundwater level.     

Geographical Conditions and National Strategies

This paper is a summary based on the relationship between national conditions and development strategies for decades of consulting research. Through cases, the paper outlined the basic meaning of national conditions and geographical conditions and their close relationship with national development strategies, and emphasized the importance of comprehensive thinking and scientific judgment in the process of carrying out the governments’ strategies and development policies, and making development policies. At last, suggestions were made that the points of China’s national conditions and the rules of connection with government decision-making should be written into geography textbooks as well as into textbooks for party schools of the Communist Party of China.     

美国南极科研投入的统计分析及其对我国的启示

近些年来南极科研越来越受到世界各国的重视,作为《南极条约》的发起者和南极条约体系的管理者,美国始终站在南极科学研究前沿,对维护其国际南极事务领导地位有着重要意义。1953—2016年美国国家科学基金资助了7 759个南极科研项目,通过统计分析对项目投入进行以下4个方面的分析:南极项目投入、南极科研各学科投入、科研大项目以及合作机构。研究发现:(1)1953年至今,美国国家科学基金会(NSF)对美国南极科研项目的资助力度和重视力度不断增加,促进了美国南极政策的落实和发展;(2)美国各大科学指导机构出台的前瞻性文件对引领美国南极科考发展方向起到重要作用;(3)NSF充分利用各高等院校和研究机构的资源设施,搭建科研支撑平台,与之展开长期南极科研项目合作;(4)NSF重视科研大项目的开展,这些大项目站在南极科学前沿,引领美国南极科研更好地发展;(5)NSF通过学校、社会、媒体多个渠道开展南极教育,增进群众对南极了解并培养科研人员来维护美国在南极的科考领先地位。上述研究发现为中国南极科研政策制定提供了相应的启示。     

国家地震烈度速报与预警工程定制软件总体设计

国家地震烈度速报与预警工程现已建设世界上规模最大的、总数超过15000个台站的地震烈度速报与预警观测站网。定制软件是预警工程的核心内容之一,将实现我国地震观测领域数据处理系统的全面升级。本文结合定制软件项目建设目标、业务功能需求等情况,从设计思路、总体架构、分系统功能、部署方式、性能指标和关键技术指标等方面对定制软件总体设计进行介绍。定制软件的总体设计契合预警业务功能需求,使得预警工程具备高稳定性、低延时、高可靠度、高处理性能的数据处理、紧急地震信息服务、数据综合服务和技术支持与保障能力,使地震预警和烈度速报两大功能得到落实,使工程项目的防震减灾效能得到切实体现。     

King Canute muses in the South Seas: Why aren’t Pacific Islands transitioning to low carbon sea transport futures?

Transition to low carbon sea transport is a logical response to the extreme dependency of the Pacific Islands region on imported fossil fuel, its significant vulnerability to the effects of climate change and the critical shipping needs of Pacific Island countries (PICs). Building on previous work in low carbon sea transport in the Pacific, this paper further considers the barriers to achieving such transition by assessing, through a ‘post-Paris Agreement’ lens, the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) submitted by PICs and contrasting these to the near total lack of investment and planning for low carbon transition in the transport sector with the parallel occurrence in the electricity sector where ~USD 2 billion of donor investment is deployed or queued despite electricity using only ~20% of fossil fuel across the region. Consistent with recent international studies, inadequate and inappropriate financing and policy have been identified as dominant transition barriers for low carbon sea transport development in PICs. This paper further examines the regional level barriers to policy development, and finds them inhibited by the silo nature of the major regional actors. The implications that the Paris Agreement has for climate financing to support the essential research and capacity development needed to underpin a successful low carbon sea transport transition strategy at any useful scale and speed are also considered in this paper.     

天绘一号卫星影像的平原绿化提取方法

平原绿化是我国平原地区森林植被的主体,为生态环境建设提供了有力保障。但平原绿化分布零散,斑块面积小,不易被准确提取。本文以河南省封丘县为例,利用天绘一号卫星影像面向对象分类技术提取了平原绿化。在面向对象分类过程中,针对不同平原绿化信息选取不同的分割尺度和参数,建立影像对象的分割层次结构,确保农田林网、通道防护林、四旁防护林等平原绿化信息能够被准确分割。分类时通过构建隶属度函数,利用层与层之间的关系,子类继承父类的分类特征,在此基础上增加自己的特征,建立分类规则集,逐层提取绿化信息。本文共获取封丘县平原绿化面积152.51 km²,其中,农田林网36.09 km²,通道防护林21.29 km²,四旁防护林71.56 km²,片林23.57 km²。利用验证点数据,对分类结果进行精度评价,总体分类精度为93.50%,Kappa系数达到0.92。     

全国地震重点监视防御区县级机构 防震减灾能力对比研究

以中国地震局在2007年和2012年组织的针对全国地震重点监视防御区的两次大规模问卷调查为依据,以东、中、西部9个省的县级防震减灾机构的工作为研究对象,在对组织机构及经费保障、监测预报能力、工程性防御能力、应急准备能力、宣传教育5个方面共16个技术指标进行统计对比的基础上,就地震重点监视防御区制度的实施情况和实施成效从时间上进行对比分析研究.结果表明,几乎所有指标均有不同程度的提高.此外,本文还针对地方防震减灾工作中存在的一些问题,给出了建议.     

地震重点监视防御区县级行政单元地震危险性的差异统计及其分类管理的建议

本文利用GIS技术,将全国地震重点监视防御区(重防区)县级行政单元边界分别与中华人民共和国地震动峰值加速度图和中国及邻区地震区带和潜在震源区划分图叠加,对各县分别计算了如下4个地震危险性指标:(1)县境内最高地震动峰值加速度等级;(2)县境内面积比例最大的地震动峰值加速度等级;(3)县境内最高潜在震源区震级上限等级;(4)县境内面积比例最大的潜在震源区震级上限等级.通过分类统计全国重防区县级行政单元的地震危险性分布,得到的结论是:虽然同为重防区但各地的地震危险性相差巨大.据此,建议根据地震危险性的不同在重防区采取如下措施:第一,不论是何种类型的重防区,均应按中国地震动参数区划图对新建工程做抗震设防,对已有建筑做抗震加固;第二,位于高地震危险性的区域,特别是位于具7级以上潜在地震危险的重防区,要加强与防灾有关的应急准备、城市规划、地震监测预报、地震应急响应等专门措施.