新型闪电电场变化测量仪的研究与初步应用

闪电电场变化测量系统是目前用于闪电物理研究以及闪电定位的重要手段之一,提高测量系统的探测性能,对于推动闪电物理以及闪电定位的研究具有重要作用.根据电磁感应原理,研制出探测带宽为10 Hz～5 MHz的新型闪电电场变化测量仪.并进行了实验,标定了测量仪输出信号与电场变化信号在频域上的数值关系.利用三套测量仪系统对南京多个...     

海洋环境观测技术研究进展

回顾了近年来海洋观测技术发展的基本情况和主要成果,同时指出了海洋观测技术的局限性,与数值模拟技术相结合的必要性,以及加强发展海啸、风暴潮和孤立内波等灾害性强海洋动力过程的监测技术和预警研究的迫切性。     

翡翠与相似玉石及仿制品的仪器鉴定

翡翠和相似玉石及仿制品肉眼下真假难辨,需借助仪器进行鉴定。常规仪器下的鉴定是根据其相关数据和结构特征判定;用红外光谱仪则是根据光谱图特征识别。通过常规仪器和红外光谱仪两种鉴定方式进行比较,得出红外光谱仪能更完全正确地对各类型玉石进行正确判断。     

瞬变电磁法在煤矿水害防治中的应用

煤层附近的富水区(带)严重威胁着煤矿的生产安全，探明地下煤层附近富水区的赋存和断层、裂隙的发育情况，可以有效地指导煤矿水害的防治工作。对于含水地层及富水区，瞬变电磁法在多测道剖面上具有典型响应特征，据此可以查明地下水分布情况。在山东某煤田和河南某矿，应用瞬变电磁勘探，准确地查明了煤层顶底板富水区。．     

非饱和含黏砂土的广义土-水特征曲线试验研究

利用非饱和土4联固结仪和非饱和三轴仪,解决了用压力板仪测试土-水特征曲线无法考虑体变、净竖向压力和净平均应力影响的问题,进行了考虑净竖向压力和净平均应力影响的土-水特征曲线研究,对未考虑净竖向压力或净平均应力的土-水特征曲线同考虑净竖向压力或净平均应力的广义土-水特征曲线的试验结果得出,净竖向压力或净平均应力是影响非饱和土土-水特征曲线的重要因素,试验结果与理论公式稳合较好,并结合非饱和理论和试验结果,拟合了可以反映净竖向压力或净平均应力影响的广义土-水特征曲线公式,与试验结果吻合较好。     

北秦岭灰池子花岗岩基成岩物质来源探讨

本文主要通过Ｎｄ，Ｓｒ和Ｏ同位素示踪研究，分析了灰池子花岗岩基的成岩物质来源，初步查明该岩体的岩浆源区由６９％的地幔物质和３１％的陆壳物质混合而成，属壳幔型花岗岩。     

利用线性旅行时插值射线追踪 计算近地表模型初至波走时

利用线性旅行时插值射线追踪对近地表模型进行正演计算,可以快捷、准确地获得初至波走时和射线路径。由于该算法计算的初至波不局限于折射波,因此很好地解决了浅层折射勘探中的低速"隐蔽层"问题;而且,由于该算法是基于网格划分和线性插值,因此它不仅可以追踪任意复杂介质的初至波,而且可以使得追踪的初至波射线路径逼于真实,避免了同类算法直接连接网络节点形成射线路径的缺陷(路径过于弯折,计算走时偏大)。将LTI算法同其他几种算法的追踪结果进行的对比和分析表明,LTI算法在计算初至波走时和射线路径方面较其他算法更为精准、稳定,是一种有效的射线追踪方法。     

探测仪器特性曲线异常分析

探测仪器感应曲线发生变化,造成升速异常、等压面的温度、湿度错误、雷达〖CD*2〗气压高差偏大、时间〖CD*2〗高度线曲变化异常造成的规定高度上的风误差偏大,使部分资料或整份资料失真,影响探测准确性。本文主要从仪器的感应曲线变化后对各气象要素产生的影响进行分析,得出结论：不同的元件变性对气象要素产生的影响不同,气压变化的影响侧重于高差和升速,温度变化则侧重于规定等压面的温度绝对误差和规定等压面高度的偏差。采用绝对误差计算、加密气象要素计算等方法,结合图形、数据对比,可以确定感应曲线变化时间,从而及时、有效的对探测数据做出合适的处理,进一步提高探测数据的精准度。     

Tracing suspended sediment and particulate phosphorus sources in catchments

Information on suspended sediment and particulate P (PP) sources is an important requirement in many catchment-based diffuse source pollution studies, in order to assist with model validation and to provide information to support the development of effective sediment and phosphorus control strategies. Such information is, however, frequently unavailable or difficult to assemble. In the study reported, source fingerprinting procedures were successfully used to assemble this information for seven sub-catchments in the Hampshire Avon catchment and five sub-catchments in the Middle Herefordshire Wye catchment. The results provide important new information on the relative importance of the contributions from surface and channel/subsurface sources to the suspended sediment and PP fluxes from the catchments. In the Wye sub-catchments channel/subsurface sources contributed 40–55% of the overall suspended sediment flux and 21–43% of the PP flux from the catchments. Equivalent values for the Avon were 1–41% and 1–54%, respectively. Combination of the information on the relative importance of surface and channel/subsurface sources with measured suspended sediment fluxes has provided the first estimates of the specific fluxes of sediment and PP attributable to channel/subsurface sources for UK catchments. The former are as high as 15–20 t km⁻² year⁻¹ in some of the Wye sub-catchments, whereas the latter exceeded 0.1 kgP ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the same sub-catchments. The results emphasize the need to take account of potential contributions from channel/subsurface sources when using measured suspended sediment and PP flux data to validate predictions derived from models incorporating only surface contributions.     

Quantifying preferential flow in soils: A review of different techniques

Preferential flow (PF) in soil has both environmental and human health implications since it favours contaminant transport to groundwater without interaction with the chemically and biologically reactive upper layer of soil. PF is, however, difficult to measure and quantify. This paper reviews laboratory and field techniques, such as breakthrough curves, dye tracing, and scanning techniques, for evaluating PF in soil at different scales. Advanced technologies, such as scanning techniques, have increased our capability to quantify transport processes within the soil with minimal soil disturbance. Important issues with respect to quantifying PF concern large-scale studies, frozen soil conditions, tracing techniques for particles and gases, a lack of simple mathematical tools for interpreting field data, and the lack of a systematic approach for comparing PF data resulting from different measurement techniques. Also, more research is required to quantify the relative importance of the various PF processes that occur in soil rather than the integrated result of all PF processes in soils.