文蛤属(Meretrix)16S rRNA基因及ITS1序列的系统学分析

利用线粒体16SrRNA基因片段及核糖体DNA转录间隔区ITS1序列分析的方法,以近缘属的青蛤(Cyclinasinensis)为外群,对文蛤属的文蛤(M.meretrix)、丽文蛤(M.lusoria)、帘文蛤(M.lyrata)和斧文蛤(M.lamarckii)4种贝类进行了系统学研究。经ClustalX多重比对及DNAsp软件分析后,用PAUP4.0分析软件,计算出种间序列的碱基转换/颠换频率,利用邻接法NJ构建系统发育树。结果表明,帘文蛤与该属其他三种的分歧时间较早,两类序列与其他种类间的相对遗传距离分别在0.25866—0.28218和0.15644—0.20104之间。文蛤与丽文蛤间的16SrDNA及ITS1序列间的遗传距离仅为0.04805和0.04201,拓扑结构图显示关系很近,并且二者的分布区大面积重叠,其序列间的转换/颠换频率接近种内单元型(haplotype)间的序列变化,鉴于它们的贝壳形态有一定差别,应归为同一个种内的不同地理亚种比较恰当。     

藻类分子生物技术两年评──基因工程及其上游──分子遗传学

根据１９９２年１月－１９９４年６月国内外发表资料，评述藻类分子遗传学和基因工程领域的最新进展。认为：两年来藻类分子遗传学发展迅速，经济藻类基因工程研究已经有所突破。藻类学研究正在进入分子时代，分子生物技术成为推动藻类学研究和藻类资源开发的新动力。     

Molecular iodine reduction by natural and model organic substances in seawater

The reactivity of 2 µM molecular iodine in seawater toward various organic compounds containing aromatic, -keto, amino, olefinic and sugar functional groups was investigated. More detailed studies have been made of the reduction kinetics with salicylic acid, -ketoglutaric acid and the polypeptide oxidized glutathione, particularly to establish whether variation over the pH range 4–9 would provide a similar reduction reactivity or fingerprint to that of molecular iodine added to natural seawater. The data indicates that compounds with only one functional group react with first order kinetics whereas compounds with multiple functional groups show more complex behaviour. Kinetic and thermodynamic modelling indicates that HOI is the main iodine species reacting with organic matter at seawater pH of 8.2. Based on the pH fingerprints, peptides and compounds containing carbonyl or -keto groups are the key reductants of molecular iodine added to seawater. These compounds form C-I and N-I bonds which can allow for a rich organic iodine chemistry in seawater. The model compound results are discussed in relation to oceanic processes.     

Molecular systems in a strong magnetic field

Brief overview of one-two electron molecular systems made out of protons and/or α-particles in a strong magnetic field B≤4.414×10¹³ G is presented. A particular emphasis is given to the one-electron exotic ions H₃⁺⁺(pppe), He₂³⁺(α α e) and to two-electron ionsH₃⁺(pppee), He₂⁺⁺(α α ee). Quantitative studies in a strong magnetic field are very complicated technically. Novel approach to the few-electron Coulomb systems in magnetic field, which provides accurate results, based on variational calculus with physically relevant trial functions is briefly described.      

Jets and molecular outflows from Herbig-Haro objects

We review status of theoretical development for jets and molecular outflows from young stellar objects. A particular framework for explaining these phenomena is one based on the X-wind theory in an environment of magnetized collapsing molecular cloud cores. The magnetized gravitational collapse follows the standard picture of isolated low-mass star formation, from quasi-static evolution of the parent molecular cloud cores. The outflow phenomena operate throughout the early evolution of young stars as a result of star-disk interaction. We discuss emission mechanisms of jets and formation of molecular outflows in this general framework. The general theoretical framework provides room for self-consistent interpretations for recent observations. Jets and outflows are integral part of earliest evolution of young stellar objects.     

Detection of H2 emission towards the wolf-rayet nebula NGC 2359

We report the first detection of molecular hydrogen emission in the vicinity of a Wolf-Rayet star and nebula. The spatial distribution of the excited molecular gas is filamentary and is not correlated with the distribution of the ionised gas as traced by optical emission lines. The typical H₂ surface brightness in the filaments is 5× 10^–5 ergs s^–1 cm^–2 str^–1. We demonstrate that the excitation mechanism can be shocks or fluorescence from the strong ultraviolet flux of the WR star.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112001284

This study deals with the biogeography of Antarctic microflora （Antarctica acts as best model to study microbial biogeography） such as cyanobacteria and selected halophiles with special emphasis on Halomonas variabilis and Bacillus licheniformis.Halophiles are known to be resistant not only to salt stress,but also to extreme temperature,pressure,and aridity and they are capable of surviving in harsh environments such as polar regions,deep-sea habitats,and deserts.Many microbes are known to be resistant to hostile environmental conditions,and are capable of surviving in harsh environments.Our group has isolated 444 strains belonging to 28 genera of halophiles from various environments around the world.The 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that many of the isolated strains from geographically distant habitats having different environmental conditions,were closely related to each other,with some strains possessing 100％ identical sequences.Organisms possessing survival mechanism such as spore formation are usually ubiquitous.The genus Halomonas is represented by potentially endemic strains and the ubiquitous H.variabilis,while spore-forming B.licheniformis showed cosmopolitan distribution.One potentially endemic （moderate endemicity that is regional and/or continental distribution） strain was reported from Syowa station,East Antarctica,and Mario Zucchelli station,West Antarctica,which are geographically separated by 3000 km.Moreover,15 strains having 100％ similarity with B.licheniformis were considered cosmopolitans.The results of this work provide support for the middle-ground model that some microbes have moderate endemicity and others have cosmopolitan distribution.These results will contribute to a greater understanding of microbial biogeography with special emphasis on Antarctica.     

Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Turkish River and Drinking Water Samples by Different PCR and LAMP Methods

In this study, we investigated the occurence of Toxoplasma gondii and checked the sequencing in 56 samples collected from in the Ordu province, Middle Black Sea, Turkey. The samples were collected from drinking and river water and DNA was extracted from all samples. After DNA isolation, the 18S rRNA target gene and B1 gene of T. gondii were amplified by conventional PCR, nested PCR, and loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, respectively. Twenty out of 56 samples (35.7%) were Toxoplasma positive by LAMP. The conventional PCR and nested PCR confirmed that 12 and 16 out of 56 samples (21.42 and 28.57%) were positive for Toxoplasma, respectively. All drinking water samples were negative by all three methods. Thirteen Toxoplasma nested PCR products were successfully sequenced. This study achieved detection and sequencing of Toxoplasma from water supplies in the Middle Black sea area in Turkey.     

多模态影像技术在临床中的应用进展

自人类进入20世纪后,知识结构呈现信息爆炸征象,各项技术迅速发展。PET、PET/CT、PET/MRI、SPECT、SPECT/CT等仪器、技术得以广泛应用,并在疾病诊治等方面取得重大进展。因疾病发生机制较为复杂,各种模态信息量相对单一及片面,存在其自身局限性,使得即使拥有如此多模态的影像技术,仍无法完全实现对复杂疾病的精确评估。故此不同模态图像的信息融合使得信息互补及交叉验证成为可能。该文主要介绍多模态影像技术的发展及应用进展。     

Monitoring of organic micropollutants in Ghana by combination of pellet watch with sediment analysis: E-waste as a source of PCBs

Plastic resin pellets collected at 11 beaches covering the whole Ghanaian coastline were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCB concentrations (∑13 congeners) were higher in Accra, capital city, and Tema (39–69 ng/g-pellets) than those in rural coastal towns (1–15 ng/g-pellets) which are close to global background, indicating local inputs of PCBs. River sediments were also analyzed for PCBs together with molecular markers. Sedimentary PCBs concentrations were highest at a site (AR02) downstream of an electronic waste (e-waste) scrapyard. At the site (AR02), concentration of linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), a marker of municipal wastewater, was lower than another site (AR03) which is located at the downstream of downtown Accra. This result suggests that PCBs are introduced more to the river from the e-waste site than from activities in downtown Accra. PAHs concentrations were relatively higher in urban areas with strong petrogenic signature. Abundance of triphenylbenzenes suggested plastic combustion near e-waste scrapyard.