东海赤潮高发区表层沉积物中部分脂类标记物的分布与来源

通过对2005年和2006年东海赤潮高发区表层沉积物部分脂类标记物（正构烷烃、脂肪酸等）的分析,初步探讨了表层沉积物有机物的来源。沉积物中正构烷烃的碳优势指数Icp值及姥鲛烷／植烷的质量比（Pr／Ph）普遍较低,而n-C16,n-C18的质量分数较高。分析表明,石油烃是东海赤潮高发区表层沉积物脂肪烃的主要成分。来源于细菌、海洋微藻和陆生高等植物的脂肪酸如直链饱和脂肪酸、支链饱和脂肪酸、不（多不）饱和脂肪酸等在2005～2006年间的组成和分布比较稳定：直链脂肪酸含量普遍较高,其次为支链脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸,多不饱和脂肪酸含量相对较少。利用生物标记物分析表明,海洋自生生物源（细菌、海洋微藻等）是沉积物中脂肪酸的主要来源,陆源脂肪酸对东海赤潮高发区表层沉积物的贡献较小。     

4种养殖扇贝的群体遗传多样性及特异性AFLP标记研究

应用AFLP技术对我国4种主要养殖扇贝进行了遗传分析.虾夷扇贝、海湾扇贝、华贵栉孔扇贝、栉孔扇贝4种养殖扇贝群体中,种内遗传相似度依次分别为0.841 5,0.786 3,0.719 0和0.673 1,香侬氏指数分别为43.52,58.87,80.16和92.83,栉孔扇贝和华贵栉孔扇贝的遗传多样性水平明显高于海湾扇贝和虾夷扇贝;AFLP标记共享位点分布表明,在4种扇贝中栉孔扇贝与华贵栉孔扇贝之间的共享位点最多,同时4种扇贝的种间遗传相似度也以栉孔扇贝和华贵栉孔扇贝之间为最高(0.769 5),海湾扇贝和虾夷扇贝之间为最低(0.662 6),揭示所研究的几种扇贝中栉孔扇贝和华贵栉孔扇贝的遗传关系最近(遗传距离为0.262 1);找到了21个种内特异性AFLP标记和种间共享标记,可用于种质鉴定和分子辅助分类.     

皱纹盘鲍杂交F1代与亲本的RAPD标记及分离方式分析

应用RAPD标记技术对皱纹盘鲍杂交家系JC的双亲及3个F₁个体进行了分析,对JC家系在皱纹盘鲍遗传连锁图谱构建中的应用前景进行了初步评估,并分析了RAPD分子标记在JC家系F₁代中的分离方式及该家系的1对亲本及其子代个体的遗传结构.7条随机引物共扩增出41个分子标记,其中24个为多态性,占总数的58.5%;有14个分离标记可用于遗传连锁作图,有7个符合孟德尔独立分配定律,占总数的17.1%.2个标记与子代个体大小有一定的相关性,但其连锁关系仍有待于进一步研究.父母本之间的遗传距离为0.384 4,父本与子代间的距离为0.137 2,母本与子代间的距离为0.127 3;父本提供的分离标记在子代中的显性频率为0.47,母本为0.55.双亲之间的遗传距离较远,杂交产生的JC-F₁群体具有较高的杂合度(0.201 6),该结果初步表明皱纹盘鲍杂交家系JC的子1代即可作为作图群体应用于皱纹盘鲍的连锁图谱构建.     

不同地理品系卤虫的同工酶变异初步研究

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法，对国内外不同生态地区的孤雌生殖和两性生殖卤虫进行了酯酶（ＥＳＴ）、四唑氧化酶（ＴＯ）和碱性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ）同工酶变异分析。指出不同地理品系卤虫有其独特的ＥＳＴ和ＴＯ标志酶带；孤雌生殖卤虫具有与两性生殖卤虫显著不同的ＴＯ基本带型和ＡＬＰ标志带区。这些结果为卤虫地理品系的纯度鉴定，以及两种生殖方式卤虫的分类和鉴别提供了生化指标。     

若干恒星形成区的^12CO（J=1—0）与^13CO（J=1—0）观测

首次利用紫金山天文台青海观测站13.7m毫米波射电望远镜对若干分子云与恒星形成区的~(12)CO(J=1—0)和~(13)CO(J=1—0)分子辐射进行了观测,得到了各自中心位置的谱线轮廓。作为一个实例本文将介绍如何通过对分子云~(12)CO(J=1—0)和~(13)CO(J=1—0)谱线的综合分析与计算得到云中的物理参数。     

A possible new molecular mechanism of thundercloud electrification

Thunderclouds are electrified when charge is transferred between small and large ice particles colliding in a cloud that contains strong updrafts. The small ice particles rise with one type of charge and the large ice particles fall and carry with them downward the other type of charge, which is most often negative, so that normally lightning lowers negative charge from cloud to the ground. While the collisional mechanism of thundercloud charging is well established, the nature of the charge transfer between the colliding ice particles is not very well understood on the atomic level, and no present theory can explain it in full detail. Here we propose a new charge separation mechanism that is based on molecular dynamics simulations of particle surfaces and collisions, keeping track of the individual charges as they move in the form of salt ions from one ice particle to another. Under normal conditions, when sulfates dominate as cloud condensation nuclei, this ionic mechanism is consistent with the prevailing negative charging of graupels in thunderclouds. Moreover, with dearth of sulfate anions, the present mechanism predicts a shift towards positive charging. This fits well to a large range of observations of enhanced positive lightning, connected with smoke rich in chlorides and nitrates, that could not be explained satisfactorily previously.     

A novel high-resolution small ion spectrometer to study ion nucleation of aerosols in ambient indoor and outdoor air

An electrically based ion spectrometer is described, capable of measuring particle sizes and mobilities from molecular ions (small ions) to aerosol particles across a size range of 0.4 to 30 nm in diameter. It consists of a single cylindrical capacitor divided into three electrically insulated sections. The current arriving at the central section is measured by an electrometer and represents the ion flux over a known range of mobilities determined by the applied voltage. The applied voltage is scanned in steps to measure the ion fluxes over a large number of overlapping mobility ranges. The recorded signal and the response function of the instrument are unfolded using a maximum entropy procedure to give a high-resolution measured mobility spectrum. The maximum entropy approach offers a considerable improvement over traditional aspiration collectors and can approach the resolution of a drift tube system. In this way, the spectrometer successfully overcomes the diffusion limit to small ion resolution. Illustrative spectra are shown, demonstrating for the first time the presence of some resolved structure within the small ion spectrum at the highest mobilities. It is demonstrated that the actual mobility spectrum of small ions falls in the range 0.8–2.0 × 10⁻⁴ m² V⁻¹ s⁻¹. This represents a narrower range than that previously measured which is attributed to improved spectral resolution in the present work.     

The La Luna formation: chemostratigraphy and organic facies in the Middle Magdalena Basin

A detailed geochemical study and a sequence stratigraphic interpretation have been conducted on a sedimentary sequence of the Upper Cretaceous La Luna Formation, in a section outcropping in the eastern flank of the Middle Magdalena Basin (MMB), Colombia. The goals were to evaluate geochemical variability related to lithofacies and organic facies changes, characterize depositional environment and investigate the possible relationship between geochemical data and sequence stratigraphic cycles. The La Luna Formation is composed of organic-rich sediments of monotonous appearance, with good to excellent potential for oil generation. Most of the bulk, petrographic and biomarker parameters display a relatively narrow range of variation. However, the geochemical variations are sufficient to differentiate organic facies types B, BC and C in the Salada Member, B and D in the Pujamana Member and B in the Galembo Member. Certain biomarker ratios are consistent within the La Luna Formation and are characteristic of its depositional environment, for example, average ratios of diasterane/sterane are lower than 1, Ts/Tm averages are less than 0.33, the C₃₅/C₃₄ hopane ratio is more than 0.92, and oleanane/C₃₀ hopane ratios range from 0.02 to 0.19. Regarding depositional condition indicators, the C₃₅/C₃₄ hopane ratio shows a good positive correlation with HI. This suggests that in carbonate environment changes in this parameter are more strongly related to redox condition than to changes in carbonate content. Regarding the possible relationship between organic matter characteristics and sea level changes, in regressive carbonate shelves during shallow stages, HI tends to increase and TOC tends to decrease, while in regressive siliciclastic shelves, both TOC and HI decrease continuously. Some biomarker ratios (oleanane/C₃₀ hopane, C₂₀/C₂₃ tricyclic, Ts/Tm) increase during base level falls. Regarding δ ¹³C/¹²C isotope composition, the aromatic fraction and whole bitumen display an isotopic shift associated to the main deepening event in the section.     

Electronic and magnetic structure of vivianite: cluster molecular orbital calculations

The electronic and magnetic structure of the octahydrophosphate vivianite, Fe₃(PO₄)₂·8H₂O, has been investigated by cluster molecular orbital calculations in local spin density approximation. Optical and Mössbauer spectra are well reproduced by the calculations, and the differences between the two iron sites can be correlated with differences in the geometrical structure of the first coordination sphere. The spin structure within the crystallographic ac plane is derived and explained on the basis of different superexchange pathways via edges of the phosphate tetrahedra. The calculations demonstrate that quite large clusters (up to 118 atoms) are necessary to arrive at reliable results.     

氩同位素分馏的实验研究

尽管⁴⁰Ar和36Ar之间质量相差达1/10,但是受放射性成因⁴⁰Ar的影响,一般认为难以进行氩同位素分馏研究.本文通过自行设计的一套氩扩散迁移实验分析系统,对比研究了氩在不同的扩散介质条件下扩散迁移前后氩同位素组成变化情况,证实氩在致密的扩散介质条件下以分子流形式从一个储库向另一个储库的迁移过程中,由于36Ar和⁴⁰Ar的迁移速率不同,扩散后的⁴⁰Ar/36Ar值比扩散前的值要小,也即发生了氩同位素分馏.氩同位素分馏的特征表现为最初的一段时间内分馏程度逐步增强,在一定时间后,由于储库之间压力逐渐达到平衡,分馏程度逐步减小.研究自然界中存在的氩同位素分馏,不仅可以判别油气田中油气运移的方向、增强油气远景评价和地球化学勘探,而且对深源岩浆的起源、迁移等研究也可提供新的研究思路和途径.