云冈石窟砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物化学风化及相关文物病害研究

云冈石窟地区云冈组上段砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物的含量普遍在10%以上,其主要矿物成分为含铁方解石和含铁白云石。在碳酸盐胶结物化学风化过程中发生的化学反应包括碳酸盐矿物溶解、Fe2+ 离子氧化及Fe3+ 离子水解,以及石膏、泻利盐、水碳镁石、球碳镁石等矿物结晶。水、砂岩中裂隙和层理发育、大气污染等是影响碳酸盐胶结物化学风化的主要外因。碳酸盐胶结物化学风化引发了多种文物病害,对云冈石窟的文物价值造成严重破坏。      

敦煌莫高窟风沙危害综合防护体系设计研究

风沙危害是敦煌莫高窟保护面临的主要环境问题之一,建立一个完整的防护体系是解决这一问题的有效途径。在对20世纪80年代以来建立的防沙治沙试验工程防护效应分析研究的基础上,对敦煌莫高窟风沙危害综合防护体系设计进行了讨论。根据因地制宜,因害设防;以固为主,固、阻、输、导相结合;以工程和生物措施为主,兼顾化学固沙;高新技术与常规治理技术相结合;重点治理,分阶段实施与长远目标相结合的设计原则,认为根据不同地貌特征及地表组成物质,依次建立鸣沙山前缘流动沙丘和平坦沙地阻固区、窟顶戈壁防护区、洞体崖面固结区、石窟对面流动沙丘固定区、窟区防护林带建设区及天然植被封育保护区,可使危害莫高窟的风沙灾害得到有效控制,并达到莫高窟作为世界文化遗产和全国重点文物保护单位对环境质量的要求。     

The equilibrium gravel coverage of the deflated gobi above the Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang, China

Blown sand has caused considerable damage to the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes of China. Controlling the blown sand requires a clear understanding of the processes that govern its production and movement. Experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel and in the field to define the relationships between sand production and gravel coverage in the gobi above the Mogao Grottoes. The gravel that covers the gobi’s surface controls wind erosion, irrespective of its shape and size. The equilibrium coverage by gravel over which no further sand is emitted due to wind erosion increases and the equilibration time that is taken to form the equilibrium gravel coverage decreases with increasing wind velocity. Gravel coverage has reached an equilibrium state in the portion of the gobi directly above the grottoes, but decreases towards the Mingsha Mountains. Drifting sand from these mountains is the main source of sand damage at the Mogao Grottoes. If no additional sand from the mountains were supplied to the gobi, gravel pavements would reach an equilibrium level of coverage and prevent further production of blowing sand. Sand blown from the gobi represents secondary reactivation of sediments originally produced in the Mingsha Mountains. Therefore, to control the blowing sand above the Mogao Grottoes, emphasis should be placed on controlling erosion from the Mingsha Mountains rather than local erosion of sand in the gobi.     

Overall efficiency of a V-shaped nylon net fence in preventing sand damage to the Mogao Grottoes

A V-shaped nylon net fence installed in 1990 on top of the Mogao Grottoes is shown to be effectively resisting aeolian sand damage to the grottoes. The structure guides and causes deposition of sand from westerly wind (the primary hard wind), but to some extent hinders the inverse function of easterly wind carrying sand away from the grottoes toward Mount Mingsha. The gobi side by the fence experiences higher wind speed, so that on which are easily formed undercutting pits, and the deposited sands on it generally form double-peak structures due to abundant sand sources. If the earth surface characteristics in gobi areas by both sides of the fence are quite varied, the erosion and deposition features of the accumulating sand section are similar in different seasons; however, if the earth surface characteristics are similar, the features become irregular in different seasons. Sand depositions with long slope feet are formed along the south and north sides of V-shaped nylon net fence. Disrupted by strong westerly wind and northwesterly wind, sand accumulations by north of the fence are in form of single peaks. Although the operation duration of the V-shaped nylon net fence has exceeded its design life (10 years), our observations indicate that it is still effective in reducing wind-driven sand damages to the Mogao Grottoes, so it should not be withdrawn.     

敦煌莫高窟大气可吸入颗粒物的化学元素特征

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定了敦煌莫高窟洞窟内外大气可吸入颗粒物中 27 种元素 的质量浓度。结果表明：典型地壳元素 Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Fe 占测定元素总质量浓度的 96%以上。 通过洞窟内外 PM2.5 与 PM10-2.5 中元素质量浓度对比发现,Li、Na、Mg、K、Ca、Co、Ni、Zn、Sr、Cs、Ba、U 等 元素主要存在于 PM10-2.5 中。沙尘天气时,洞窟外环境中的 Co、Ga、As、Cs、Ba 元素质量浓度降低,表 明沙尘过程对这些元素有稀释作用。富集因子分析显示,洞窟内外可吸入颗粒物中 B、Na、Ca、Mn、 Cu、Zn、As、Sr、Tl、Pb、Bi、U 的 EF 值均大于 10,表明人类活动产生的污染物对以上元素的富集起主 要作用。富含 Ca、Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Pb 等元素的矿物颜料在洞窟壁画制作中被大量使用,其对区域环 境大气可吸入颗粒物微量元素的富集也有一定的贡献作用。游客数量与洞窟内外元素 Bi 浓度存 在较显著的线性关系,表明环境中的 Bi 元素浓度变化受游客活动影响。本研究首次对莫高窟大气 可吸入颗粒物中元素含量进行了监测和分析,研究成果为石窟文物及其赋存环境中可吸入颗粒物 污染的治理及控制提供了科学依据。     

莫高窟窟顶风况及输沙势研究

以1998—2001年莫高窟窟顶自动气象观测站记录的风资料为基础,通过对风况的统计和输沙势的计算,从风沙环境特征阐明了研究区主要受西北、东北和偏南三组风向共同作用。三组风况出现频率明显不同,其输沙势有一定差异。研究区风向变率指数较小,风况复杂,属于中风能环境。通过对风况的分析及输沙势的理论计算,以期对莫高窟的风沙危害防治提供科学理论依据。最后通过对莫高窟2001年输沙势（量）的对比计算,指出了现有输沙势公式存在的局限与不足。     

Damage and conservation of the high cliff on the Northern area of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, China

The Mogao Grottoes have 750 caves, 45,000 m² of wall paintings, 2,415 painted sculptures, five wooden temple fronts from the Tang and Song dynasties, and thousands of columns with carved designs of lotus flowers and ornamental tiles. The Mogao Grottoes are one of the largest and best-preserved Buddhist art treasure houses in the world. The diverse range of wall paintings and sculptures and the profound and varied Buddhist art at the site prompted UNESCO to list the grottoes as a World Heritage Site for its cultural values. The Mogao Grottoes consist of two areas: the Southern Grottoes Area and the Northern Grottoes Area. Almost all the Buddhist art treasures are located in the southern area. The northern area is mainly where the monks and the creators of the arts of Dunhuang resided. In this paper, the causes of damage to the grottoes are analyzed by investigating the geohazards occurring on the side slopes on the high cliff in the northern zone. This paper will analyze the causes of deterioration through the investigation of deterioration in the upper section of the cliff face and goes on to discuss the main causes of deterioration of the cliff body: the development of fissures, wind erosion, rain erosion, and flood scouring. The following measures have been undertaken to deal with the above problems: bolt anchoring, grouting of fissures, use of bracing supports in some areas, and stabilization of caves and cliff face. Through the above measures, the upper section of the upper face in the northern zone has been effectively treated according to the principles of “restoration to historic condition and not altering the historic appearance.”     

敦煌莫高窟顶尼龙网栅栏防护效应研究

野外监测和风洞模拟实验结果表明,孔隙度为20%~25%的尼龙网栅栏,其保护范围达23.5H~29.5H,栅栏前后的积沙范围主要集中在2H(栏前)~3H(栏后)。砂砾质戈壁区尼龙网栅栏直接阻止了偏西风向洞窟搬运沙量的80%以上,但其侧导能力微弱,外围栅栏对来自主风向的外侧积沙的侧导率平均达到35%;对其内侧的侧导作用,在偏东风时为57.51%,偏西风时平均为15.89%,反映了防护效益的季节变化特征。在网后1H处,20cm、50cm、100cm和150cm高处的风速分别降到网前3H的48.6%、38.6%、40.7%和66%。在NW风作用下,网后10m、2m的输沙量分别是网前10m、2m的1/29和1/43,并受栅栏设置等因素的影响。流沙区尼龙网栅栏的防沙效益亦表现出在三组不同风向上的差异。栅栏的阻沙效益与沙源供给关系密切,沙源充足时以风积为主,相反,则出现较强的风蚀作用。3~5月间,对比分析前方沙源充足(1992年)、基本控制(2002年)和较好控制(2003年)3种情况,窟前栈道不同部位洞前积沙分别减少39.4%~83.3%、75.4%~95.2%和94.0%~98.7%。尼龙网栅栏是比其他材料更优的一种防沙材料,不仅价格便宜,施工简单,而且在沙障被埋后容易移动重设,在阻止沙丘前移和防止过境风沙流具有优势。目前在网栅周围形成的局部积沙,在综合防护体系逐渐建立,前方沙源截留的前提下,利用窟顶输沙能力的季节变化特别是偏东方的反向搬运功能,局部积沙可以得到较好的输导。同时建议维护调整现有砂砾质戈壁区尼龙网栅栏防护体系。     

敦煌莫高窟顶灌木林带防护效应研究

风洞模拟实验和野外观测结果表明,平均林带高H=1 5m,疏透度β=50%的两条灌木林带周围的气流场分为7个能量区。在贴地层,有林带前的拐角绕流阻滞减速区,林带中的灌丛阻挡湍流衰减区,林带后的回流涡旋减速及速度恢复区,林带远方的气流附体加速区。在林带上部,有林带间的阻滞减速区和林带后的涡旋减速区,在林带顶后部有集流加速区。风沙流在阻滞、涡旋回流减速区沉积,而在加速区则会产生风蚀,在林带顶上下层气流交换加强。在低速时林带阻沙能力较强,当风速为10m·s-1时,有林带的输沙量可减少一个量级,即阻滞90%的风沙流;在中高风速时(风速为15m·s-1及以上),林带对风沙流的阻滞作用明显减弱,只阻滞20%。     

莫高窟壁画地仗土-水特征曲线的测定与拟合

壁画的病害对壁画的长期保存和日常维护造成了极大的威胁,水带动易溶盐的迁移是导致壁画病害最主要的原因之一。地仗层作为壁画最直接的载体,其土-水特性关乎着壁画病害的形成与发育。为了研究壁画地仗层的土-水特性,根据莫高窟壁画地仗的物质组成制作了模拟地仗,采用压力板法和蒸汽平衡法分别对模拟地仗进行土-水特性试验,获得了全吸力范围的壁画地仗的土-水特征曲线,并用Van Genuchten（VG）模型和Fredlund-Xing（FX）模型对土-水特征曲线进行拟合。试验结果表明：不同组分的模拟地仗试样的土-水特征曲线有所差异,粗泥层与细泥层土-水特征曲线形态上差异并不明显;同等吸力下粗泥层含水率高于细泥层,在高吸力段粗泥层具有突变性释水的特点;对高吸力段地仗试样土-水特征曲线变化趋势的分析表明,在日常维护中莫高窟洞窟内湿度不应高于58%,湿度宜保持稳定,不应有较大波动;综合全吸力段上的试验数据进行拟合可以获得精度较高的壁画地仗的土-水特征拟合曲线。