Hydrodynamic models of Planetary Nebulae

This article tries to give a short review of the hydrodynamic modelling of Planetary Nebulae to date. I start by discussing the types of observations the modelling aims to reproduce and then discuss the results of different types of models. First the simplified models in which evolutionary changes in the stellar properties are neglected, then the evolutionary models in which these effects are taken into account. The simplified models can reproduce single shell nebulae with the right kinematic properties. The evolutionary models can reproduce multiple shells and some of the kinematic and morphological differences between various ions. I also briefly discuss some of the difficulties which have not been addressed and/or solved by the numerical modelling, such as the point-symmetric nebulae, some of the collimated phenomena, and clumpiness.Abbreviations AGB Asymptotic Giant Branch - PN Planetary Nebulae - YSO Young Stellar Object     

青藏高原东缘数字高程剖面及其对晚新生代河流 下切深度和下切速率的约束*

文章利用数字高程剖面将青藏高原东缘分为4个大尺度地貌单元,即青藏高原地貌区、龙门山高山地貌区、山前冲积平原区(成都盆地)和四川盆地东部隆起区。根据数字高程剖面中的最高海拔高程点剖面与最低海拔高程点剖面之间的高差,定量计算了该地区河流下切深度;结合成都盆地岷江最古老冲积扇沉积物提供的青藏高原东缘河流形成的时间(3.6MaB.P.),定量计算了河流下切速率为1.29mm/a;在约束局部侵蚀基准面和气候变化对河流下切速率控制作用的基础上,建立了青藏高原东缘河流下切速率与表面隆升速率之间的定量关系,结果表明河流下切速率约为表面隆升速率的4倍。基于龙门山在表面隆升速率和下切速率等方面均大于青藏高原内部,认为青藏高原东缘的边缘山脉是剥蚀隆升和构造隆升两者叠加的产物。     

全球海气系统年代际突变时空特征的模拟评估

文中评估了5个耦合模式对1880年至今全球海气系统的年平均年代际突变时空特征的模拟能力。19世纪80年代—20世纪90年代,评估了耦合模式对海表温度(SST)和海平面气压(SLP)的年代际突变水平分布的模拟能力;20世纪70—90年代,评估了耦合模式对70、80和90年代这3次年代际突变大气的四维时空特征的模拟。结果表明,在上述2个时段中,5个耦合模式对SST场中年代际突变分布最主要的空间分布型——太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)没有抓住,可能导致了对SST年代际突变的空间分布的模拟能力较差,也没有模拟出SLP年代际突变的行星及其以上尺度的空间结构。20世纪70—90年代,在对流层中,UKMO-HadGEM1模式较好地模拟出了70年代的热带地区500 hPa气温和位势高度,80年代极地SLP,90年代南、北副热带气温和500 hPa气温的年代际突变的空间分布。GFDL-CM2.1模式部分模拟出了90年代的SST和500 hPa温度场突变的水平分布。其余模式中也有行星及以上尺度的年代际突变发生,虽然所模拟出来的突变的时间和空间分布与实际差异都较大,但说明这些模式可以模拟出大尺度气候系统年代际突变,其中包含的物理过程还有待于进一步的研究。在平流层,肖栋(2008年)指出1994年平流层的降温突变可能是1991年Pinatubo火山爆发所造成的臭氧减少导致的。其中,GFDL-CM2.1和ECHAM5/MPI-OM模式较好地模拟出了平流层在1994年的降温突变,CCSM3和UKMO-HadGEM1模式部分模拟出了平流层的变冷突变,而FGC)ALS-g1.0模式没有模拟出来。分析表明,这可能是FGOALS-g1.0模式没有考虑火山灰或者臭氧的作用所致。     

后寨河喀斯特流域土地资源合理利用模式研究

分析了后寨喀斯特流域土地资源的利用现状、特点及存在的问题,并对流域内五种土地合理利用模式的适用范围和运用状况进行调查分析,提出了各种土地利用模式的推广实施对策。      

Drivers of collaboration to mitigate climate change: An illustration of Swiss climate policy over 15 years

Climate change mitigation policy is driven by scientific knowledge and involves actors from the international, national and local decision-making levels. This multi-level and cross-sectoral context requires collaborative management when designing mitigation solutions over time and space. But collaboration in general policymaking settings, and particularly in the complex domain of climate mitigation, is not an easy task. This paper addresses the question of what drives collaboration among collective actors involved in climate mitigation policy. We wish to investigate whether common beliefs or power structures influence collaboration among actors. We adopt a longitudinal approach to grasp differences between the early and more advanced stages of mitigation policy design. We use survey data to investigate actors’ collaboration, beliefs and power, and apply a Stochastic Actor-oriented Model for network dynamics to three subsequent networks in Swiss climate policy between 1995 and 2012. Results show that common beliefs among actors, as well as formal power structures, have a higher impact on collaboration relations than perceived power structures. Furthermore, those effects hold true for decision-making about initial mitigation strategies, but less so for the implementation of those measures.     

IPCC AR4气候多模式对云南特征气温变化的模拟预估——滇西南区案例分析(1960-2050年)(英文)

本文针对云南地区,以滇西南区为案例,利用研究区20个气象观测站点实测逐日平均气温分析了1961-2007年各特征气温(年均气温、干季平均气温、以及湿季平均气温)的变化趋势特征;并采用IPCC AR4气候模式集成的21世纪气候变化模拟试验的预估结果,针对滇西南区各特征气温,分别就不同排放情景下的模拟结果在该区的适用性进行了详细验证和分析。主要结果如下:(1)1961-2007年间,研究区各特征气温变化表现出了非常显著的上升趋势,MK统计值均通过了95%的置信度检验。(2)标准化均方根误差和MK趋势验证的结果表明,基准期内特征气温(尤其是年均气温和干季气温)的模拟值距平变化与实测值的距平变化趋势特征非常相似,因此利用IPCC AR4气候模式的试验结果模拟研究区三种排放情景下各特征气温的变化趋势具有一定的可信度,且针对年均气温及干季平均气温的模拟效果要比湿季平均气温好。(3)未来40年内,该区各特征气温将明显上升,并且年均气温上升趋势比干季、湿季平均气温更为显著;不同排放情景下各特征气温将表现出不同的升温率:2020s期间SRESA2高排放情景下的特征气温升温率将小于SRESB1低排放情景,除此之外,各特征气温在SRESA1B中等排放情景下的升温率将最大,在SRESA2高排放情景下其次,在SRESB1低排放情景下将最小。文中对IPCC AR4气候模式在云南地区的适用性及其影响因素进行了进一步的探讨。     

CMIP研究计划的进展及其在中国地区的检验和应用前景

由世界气候研究计划(WCRP)推动制定的CMIP计划,是一整套耦合大气环流气候模式的比较计划.该计划旨在通过比较模式的模拟能力来评价模式的好坏,促进气候模式的发展;同时也为生态、水文、社会经济诸学科在全球变化背景下预估未来环境变化提供可靠的科学依据.CMIP计划从AMIP开始,经历了CMIP1、CMIP2、CMIP3几个阶段的发展,并已为模式研究提供了迄今为止时间最长、内容最为广泛的模式资料库.尽管模式的模拟结果仍不可避免的存在一些不足,但世界各国纷纷利用该资料库进行模式发展以及与气候变化相关的多学科研究,为预估未来的环境变化提供了不可替代的科学依据.对其作了简要回顾,并对其在中国地区存在的问题和潜在应用前景作了简要论述.     

Topographic radiation balance models: Sensitivity and application in periglacial geomorphology

Direct solar radiation integrated over one year is a function of latitude and time of year, and topographic slope , aspect and shadowing control the local distribution. Recently, several spatial models have been developed which estimate the radiation balance based on digital elevation models, taking into account aspect, slope and shadowing effects. For the periglacial realm, these models are integrated both in models estimating possible occurrence of mountain permafrost and in studies of active layer dynamics. In this article our aim is to assess and discuss sensitivity and validations of the radiation balance model SRAD, in comparison with two other topographic-based radiation models. The study site and field data are from Finse, Southern Norway.     

Where Do Solar Filaments Form?: Consequences for Theoretical Models

This paper examines the locations where large, stable solar filaments form relative to magnetic bipoles lying underneath them. The study extends the earlier work of F. Tang to include two additional classification categories for stable filaments and to consider their population during four distinct phases of the solar cycle. With this new classification scheme, results show that over 92% of filaments form in flux distributions that are nonbipolar in nature where the filament lies either fully (79%) or partially (13%) above a polarity inversion line (PIL) external to any single bipole. Filaments that form within a single bipole (traditionally called Type A) are not as common as previously thought. These results are a significant departure from those of F. Tang. Consistency with the earlier work is shown when our data are regrouped to conform to the two-category classification scheme for filaments adopted by F. Tang. We also demonstrate that only filaments that form along the external PIL lying between two bipoles (62% of the full sample, traditionally called Type B) show any form of solar cycle dependence, where their number significantly increases with magnetic activity over the solar cycle. Finally, current observations and theoretical models for the formation of filaments are discussed in the context of the present results. We conclude that key elements in the formation of the majority of filaments considered within this study must be the convergence of magnetic flux resulting in either flux cancellation or coronal reconnection.     

海拉尔盆地火山碎屑岩的测井响应与应用

海拉尔盆地中生界为熔岩-火山碎屑岩-沉积岩系列岩性组合,是测井解释层位.但是精细的岩心岩石类型描述与测井识别岩性的精度不匹配,岩心精细分层厚度往往小于测井分层的最小厚度0.6 m.研究显示,安山岩、熔结凝灰岩、凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩、凝灰质砾岩、凝灰质砂岩和沉积岩等主要岩性具有各自的测井响应,即有特定的岩-电关系模式.交会图...