清代北疆作物种植结构对气候变化的响应

提取历史文献中有关清代北疆地区的农事记录,分析作物种植结构的变化,并与树轮重建的北疆5~8月温度序列进行对比,发现作物结构对气候有较好的响应,在3个偏冷阶段,即1732~1744、1776~1796、1828~1848年间,奏折记录显示以青稞、糜子、小麦喜凉、温作物为主。在3个偏暖阶段,即1745~1775年,1797~1827年,1849~1860年间,北疆开始试种豌豆、小麦、谷子喜温作物成功并逐年扩大种植面积。     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000-2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin,East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and Iate Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province,East China.using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene,the transmutation of ancient sottlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed.Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and Iate Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements In this area changed from high altitudes to Iow ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time.These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene.leading to the lake level fluctuations.The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities.These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate cenditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly.The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east.This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum.Therefore,climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin,which exerted great influence on the distribution,expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

Relationship between social stability and climate change in the Tang Dynasty

This paper quantitatively divides the Tang Dynasty into five prosperous and chaotic social periods,and discusses the relationship between the social division and climate change. The criteria for determining prosperity and chaos is refered to a set of systematic war data. In order to verify the reasonableness of the division,we applied 1-way-ANOVA to test the differences of each variable index between prosperity and chaos periods. The results of social division are as follows: from AD 618 to AD 626,and from AD 743 to AD 784,as well as from AD 860 to AD 907 were the chaotic periods;while from AD 627 to A0 742,and from AD 785 to AD 859 were the prosperous periods. The results of 1-way-ANOVA show that,climate change,general wars,rebellions,offensive border wars,defensive border wars,agricultural harvests,and population growth rates are all significantly different between prosperity and chaos,except the general external wars. War data were used to quantitatively represent the social changes in the Tang Dynasty. In chaotic periods,the main types of wars are rebellions and defensive border wars,while the main type of wars in prosperous periods are offensive border wars. To explore the relationship between climate change and social division means to make clear the relationship between climate change and wars. The results of correlation analysis show the decrease of agricultural harvest due to lower temperature and less precipitation leads to the shortage of resources supply,so that the likelihood of rebellions increase;while during the warm periods with abundant rainfall,increasing agricultural harvest stimulates rapid population growth. Due to the limitations of technology and land resources,offensive border wars for expansion are more likely to occur.     

清代北京城市郊区行政界线探索

城市郊区是行政上隶属于城市的城市外围地区,是兼有城市和田园双重职能与景观特色的过渡地带,是城市的重要组成部分;又是城市发展到一定历史阶段的产物,在城市发展史上占有重要地位。北京城市郊区清代称为城属,其行政边界划定于雍正中。但这条行政界线的具体走向却长期存在歧异认识,实有必要予以考察。为此,本文系统考察了清代北京城市城属行政边界的大体走向,进而阐述了清雍正中勘定京师城属外部行政边界的意义。     

清朝广东沿海鸦片走私与反走私斗争浅析

清朝鸦片走私猖獗,走私与反走私斗争激烈,晚清尤甚,成为严重的社会问题。广东沿海沿边处在这场斗争的最前沿,是斗争矛盾最集中,也最能体现出这场斗争面貌与实质的地方,试以广东沿海为例,剖析清朝鸦片走私与反走私斗争现象及晚清政府反走私斗争失败的历史教训。     

关中地区元代干旱灾害与气候变化

通过对元代关中地区历史资料的搜集、整理和分析,对该时期关中地区的干旱灾害等级、干旱灾害事件在时间上的变化及其成因进行了研究。结果表明:关中地区从元代早期(公元1266年)至元代晚期(公元1359年)的94年中,共发生干旱灾害33次,平均每2.85年发生一次;元代关中地区的干旱灾害主要以轻度旱灾为主,占旱灾总数的42.4%,其次是中度旱灾,占旱灾总数的24.2%,特大旱灾的发生频率也较高,占旱灾总数的21.2%,大旱灾发生频率最低,占旱灾总数的12.1%。关中地区干旱灾害在元代早、中、晚期分布不均匀,从早期到中期再到晚期,干旱灾害呈现出由少变多又变少的趋势;降水量的年内分布不均匀是该区在元代发生轻度和中度干旱灾害的主要原因,而气候的异常明显变干是该区在元代中期干旱灾害加剧和大旱灾频繁发生的主要原因。该地区自身的地理位置,所处的气候背景以及人类活动导致植被破坏也加剧了干旱灾害的发生。元代关中地区发生了1次干旱气候事件,时间在1326—1332年。初步确定元代关中大旱灾发生年份主要灾区的年均降水量为400 mm左右,特大旱灾发生年份主要灾区的年均降水量为350 mm左右。     

徐州龟山汉墓病害及其产生原因分析

通过介绍徐州龟山汉墓的建筑特点及病害特征,分析了汉墓病害的产生原因,为治理病害的施工图设计及具体文物加固保护方案提供了极为有益的借鉴资料.     

明代日食的地方记录

明代中期兴起的地方志和私人著作,记载了许多天象事件,日食记录是其中重要内容.地方性日食记录的精华集中在对日全食现象的生动描述,地方志记录的最大价值是一次日全食的多个见全食点.明代中国东部地区发生了15次中心日食.明后期的10次中,8次都有大量的地方性记录.讨论了明代地方性日食记录的各种特点,并重点展示了这8次日全食在全国各地的观测地点分布以及对日全食景象的生动描述.     

明代(公元1368—1644年)钱塘江河口潮灾时空分布及其影响因素

钱塘江河口是世界著名强潮河口。基于历史文献资料,系统梳理考证了明代(公元1368—1644年)钱塘江河口潮灾记录,分析了潮灾的空间、时间分布特征:(1)北岸潮灾远多于南岸,海门以上河口段与海门以下河口段潮灾次数基本持平,但均少于河口湾段。(2)潮灾在南北两岸的空间分布上,存在转移与变迁,由此导致两岸分别存在明显的平缓期—爆发期—平缓期交替,但平缓期与爆发期的时长并不固定。(3)潮灾强度变化与潮灾频次分布有较强关联,高强度潮灾多发于潮灾频发期。结合历史气候、江道地形等自然环境背景,探讨了影响潮灾时空分布的要素,认为钱塘江潮灾发生的频次及规模大小与流域内干湿变化及历史气温升降有明显关联,而历史极端潮灾则常是多种要素耦合的结果。     

横水西周墓地部分青铜器残留泥芯的矿物组成及成分分析

利用X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱、显微镜观察等理化分析测试手段对山西绛县横水西周墓地部分青铜器残留的泥芯进行了成分、物相等检测分析,并与山西侯马、陕西扶风李家铸铜遗址进行了比较分析。结果表明,横水西周墓地泥芯与当地土壤在成分、物相等方面具有高度的一致性,说明多数青铜器可能在当地铸造而成。