Extreme climate events,migration for cultivation and policies:A case study in the early Qing Dynasty of China

Based on the historical records of the annual increase in the workforce (men older than 16 years of age), the annual new taxed cropland in the Shengjing area (Northeast China), the extreme climate events in North China, and related management policies in Northeast China during 1661―1680, a case study has been conducted to investigate the relationship between the extreme climate events in North China and the migration to Northeast China for cultivation. This study has found that the migration to Northeast China for cultivation from 1661 to 1680 was a response to the drought events that occurred in North China. The upsurge of migration, which occurred in 1665―1680, was a response to the drought period during 1664―1680 in North China while the fewer disasters period in Northeast China. There were three migratory peaks during the upsurge of migration, which corresponded to the three drought events. The peaks of migration, however, often lagged behind the drought events about 1―2 years. The encourag-ing-migration policy, which was adopted to encourage cultivation in Northeast China, did not produce much migration into the region in the early Qing Dynasty. It did, however, provide a policy background, which ensured more than 10000 migrants per year to Northeast China when North China suffered from drought/flood disasters. As a response to the highest peak of migration induced by the severe droughts in North China during 1664―1667, a prohibiting-migration policy restricted further migration to Northeast China was carried out in 1668. Although the prohibiting-migration policy could not entirely stop the migrants fleeing from famine in North China to Northeast China, the migrants and cultivation were significantly reduced under the policy. The frequent changes of the policy on the years when taxation started after the land was cultivated were also related to climate events. The extreme climate events in North China, migration to Northeast China for cultivation, and the related management poli-cies showed an impact-response chain, which reflected the interaction among extreme climate events, human behavior, and policies.     

清代北疆作物种植结构对气候变化的响应

提取历史文献中有关清代北疆地区的农事记录,分析作物种植结构的变化,并与树轮重建的北疆5~8月温度序列进行对比,发现作物结构对气候有较好的响应,在3个偏冷阶段,即1732~1744、1776~1796、1828~1848年间,奏折记录显示以青稞、糜子、小麦喜凉、温作物为主。在3个偏暖阶段,即1745~1775年,1797~1827年,1849~1860年间,北疆开始试种豌豆、小麦、谷子喜温作物成功并逐年扩大种植面积。     

北京市明长城专题影像地图的制作

明长城专题影像图是以明长城数字正射影像数据成果（DOM）、专题矢量数据成果（DLG）以及相应图幅5万核心要素数据为基础加工生产的。通过分析地理信息软件（ArcGIS）和绘图软件（Adobe Illus-trator CS3）的特点,发挥各自优势,设计北京市明长城专题影像图的工艺流程,并以制作明长城专题影像图为例,介绍了...     

基于杭州偏晚终雪记录的南宋（1131-1270年）气候再推断

本文整理、考订了南宋时期杭州偏晚终雪记录,诊断了此类资料的气候指示意义,进行了各年代不同数量终雪日期值至对应年代平均终雪日期值的转换,进而分析了重建序列所指示的温度变化特征与其他文献证据、气候变化重建结果之间的一致性。结果表明：① 史料记述的杭州偏晚终雪现象系以惊蛰以后为标准,且不包括霰和冰粒类微量降雪类型,其有着明确的气候指示意义（-0.34 oC/10d,R² = 0.37,P<0.001）,可有效用于温度重建。② 基于非线性的波尔兹曼函数,以不同样本量偏晚终雪日期值可有效估算10年平均终雪日期,其外推结果较之线性函数和二项式函数具有更小的不确定性。③ 南宋时期杭州春季的平均温暖程度大致相当于1951-1980年,该时期在百年尺度上可划分为1131-1170年的寒冷期和1171-1270年的温暖期。其中,后一阶段有1181-1200年和1221-1240年两个亚冷期。④ 南宋时期杭州10年平均终雪日期的变化与中国其他地区温度变化的代用证据和重建结果具有较好的一致性,并与太平洋十年涛动的冷暖位相变化比较吻合,这可能说明了中世纪暖期太平洋十年涛动对中国大部分地区气候所具有的共同影响。本文为更深入认识12-13世纪中国东部季风区的气候变化特征提供了新的证据。     

Relationship between social stability and climate change in the Tang Dynasty

This paper quantitatively divides the Tang Dynasty into five prosperous and chaotic social periods,and discusses the relationship between the social division and climate change. The criteria for determining prosperity and chaos is refered to a set of systematic war data. In order to verify the reasonableness of the division,we applied 1-way-ANOVA to test the differences of each variable index between prosperity and chaos periods. The results of social division are as follows: from AD 618 to AD 626,and from AD 743 to AD 784,as well as from AD 860 to AD 907 were the chaotic periods;while from AD 627 to A0 742,and from AD 785 to AD 859 were the prosperous periods. The results of 1-way-ANOVA show that,climate change,general wars,rebellions,offensive border wars,defensive border wars,agricultural harvests,and population growth rates are all significantly different between prosperity and chaos,except the general external wars. War data were used to quantitatively represent the social changes in the Tang Dynasty. In chaotic periods,the main types of wars are rebellions and defensive border wars,while the main type of wars in prosperous periods are offensive border wars. To explore the relationship between climate change and social division means to make clear the relationship between climate change and wars. The results of correlation analysis show the decrease of agricultural harvest due to lower temperature and less precipitation leads to the shortage of resources supply,so that the likelihood of rebellions increase;while during the warm periods with abundant rainfall,increasing agricultural harvest stimulates rapid population growth. Due to the limitations of technology and land resources,offensive border wars for expansion are more likely to occur.     

三门峡虢国墓地M2011太子墓出土玉器玉质研究

虢国墓地位于河南省三门峡市区上村岭,于1956年被发现,经历过20世纪50年代和90年代两次大规模发掘,共发掘墓葬250多座,出土了33000余件（套）珍贵文物。本研究对象是出自M2011太子墓的380余件精美玉（石）器。采用宝玉石学和岩石学的研究思路和无损鉴定方法对M2011（太子墓）出土玉（石）器的玉质进行了详细的研究,结果表明肉眼观察颜色和不同程度受沁的26件出土玉（石）器中23件为软玉,3件为细砂岩。严重受沁会影响出土玉（石）器的材质鉴别,用强透射光观察受沁玉器玉质,部分能够看到沁色的深度,反映出本来的颜色和质地。大型仪器测试可以很好的反映出土玉器的材质与结构特征及成分的变化,弥补了肉眼观察的局限。本研究丰富了三门峡虢国博物馆出土文物的研究内容,提高了出土玉器研究的科技含量,有助于出土玉器的分类命名以及文物等级的确定。     

从陕西“周老虎”想到广州“麦船台”——评麦英豪的“广州秦汉考古三大发现”

以陕西"周老虎"做比较,指出广州"麦船台"同为假点.上世纪70年代麦英豪定性的"秦汉造船工场遗址",30多年来始终得不到造船工程界和船史学界的认同,地理和地质学界认为这里并不存在造船和下水的条件,建筑工程和建筑考古学界则以大量出土文物证实其为南越王宫苑遗址.被国务院确定为国家重点文物保护单位的"秦造船工场遗址"既无保护,又无展出,也没有专著出版,在全国的学术界出现一片质疑和遣责声.这是麦英豪以排他性的专家"鉴研会"排斥多学科的全国性学术研讨会.文中呼吁麦英豪应正视现实,修正失误,广州的文物部门领导也应当检讨不作为的过失.     

Distribution of Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in theSequence Stratigraphic Framework of the Middle andUpper Proterozoic in the Ming Tombs Area, Beijing

This paper discusses the distribution pattern and geological significance of the carbon and oxygen isotopes (δ13C and δ18O) in the depositional sequences of Gaoyuzhuangian, Yangzhuangian and Wumishanian ages of the established Middle and Upper Proterozoic sequence stratigraphic framework in the Ming Tombs area lying in western Yanshan Mountain of Beijing. Besides, sketchy determination of δ13C and δ18O was also performed for other formations and members. The analytical results show the following: under the condition of clear-water carbonate sediments, δ13C and δ18O, featuring smaller variation of δ13C but larger variation of δ18O, can well delineate the relative change of sea level, which reflects the difference of primary sedimentary settings; in the presence of terrigenous substances, δ13C values vary greatly while δ18O slightly; the carbon and oxygen isotopes show marked changes at sequence boundaries. Besides, particular patterns can be found in regard to the distribution of carbon and oxy     

陕西延安觉德遗址两周时期植物资源利用研究

陕北高原作为中原农耕区与内蒙古草原游牧地区的过渡地带,一直以来都是研究历史时期华夷互动关系的重要区域。两周时期是华夏族群主体形成的重要时期,了解这一时期陕北高原先民对植物资源的利用情况,揭示该地区先民的生业经济特征,对理解华夏族群的形成过程有着重要意义。本研究选取陕北高原南部延安地区觉德遗址两周时期33份浮选样品进行分析,共发现15种炭化植物遗存,共计1279粒,其中农作物有粟（Setaria italica）和黍（Panicum miliaceum）,非农作物有狗尾草（Setaria viridis）、藜属（Chenopodium sp.）、地肤（Kochia scoparia）、猪毛菜（Salsola sp.）、虫实（Corispermum sp.）、草木樨（Melilotus officinalis）、胡枝子（Lespedeza sp.）等。该时段农作物包括粟1046粒,占出土植物总数的81.8%（出土概率72.7%）;黍65粒,占出土植物总数的5.1%（出土概率48.5%）,表明觉德遗址两周时期先民从事以粟为主,以黍为辅的旱作农业;此外,觉德先民对非农作物的利用集中于藜科（数量百分比7.7%,出土概率51.5%）和豆科植物（数量百分比2.6%,出土概率24.2%）。觉德遗址出土两周时期农作物与非农作物种子比例为6.6：1,远小于关中盆地东周时期的数据,但高于陕北高原北部的遗址数据,显示出此时该遗址的农业开发范围和农田管理居中的水平。

     

山东1736年来逐季降水重建及其初步分析

于清代雨雪档案记载及现代农业气象与气象观测记录 ,根据降水入渗的土壤物理学模型与水量平衡模型 ,恢复了山东济南、泰安、潍坊、菏泽、临沂等 5个地区 1 736～ 1 91 0年逐季降水量 ,建立了各站 1 736～ 2 0 0 0年的逐季降水序列。初步分析结果表明 ,山东各站间的季节降水变化具有较高的相关性与一致性。 1 761～ 1 770年、 1 781～ 1 790年、1 791～ 1 80 0年、 1 80 1～ 1 81 0年、 1 981～ 1 990年等 5个年代的降水明显偏少 ,1 861～ 1 870年、1 871～ 1 880年、 1 881～ 1 890年、 1 90 1～ 1 91 0年等 4个年代则明显偏多。其变化总趋势可概括为 :1 8世纪中前期 ,山东降水相对较多 ;1 8世纪中期起进入少雨期 ;1 9世纪中后期转为多雨期 ;1 9世纪末至 2 0世纪初 ,降水明显减少 ,再次进入相对少雨期 ;2 0世纪 60年代中期以后 ,降水又一次降至较低水平。 1 990年起 ,山东降水有所回升 ,重新进入了相对多雨期。