全新世中期西辽河流域聚落空间分布及成因

全新世大暖期结束后的干冷气候事件和环境恶化使西辽河流域及比邻地区的聚落向南移动集中并推动了原始农业的发展和之后畜牧业对原始农业的取代。各文化的聚落均对河流依赖性较强,主要分布在距河6 km以内地区,6 km以外的聚落多分布在与河流地势上相连的沟谷缓坡且主要集中在老哈河、教来河至大凌河流域,水文分析表明这些沟谷很可能在暖湿期形成过支流或季节河。聚落主要分布在海拔400~700 m的平原丘陵交互区,分布海拔和地形因气候波动和经济生活方式不同而有所变化。     

河北省北部张北县一带全新世中期砂层的成因

在冀北张北县发育一套特殊的砂层,因其内部赋存有数量众多的细石器而备受地质工作者的关注,但对其成因却有不同认识。从地层学、年代学、古生物学、砂粒表面及组合特征、砂体分布及产状等方面,对砂层进行了研究与分析。砂层分布于二级阶地或向阳低矮平缓山坡之上,临近水源,呈近东西向展布;堆积物呈灰褐色,分选性差、磨圆度差,不显层理,且其中含有细石器、陶器碎片、灰烬层等古人类文化遗存;粒度分析结果及扫描电镜研究表明,砂层形成于水动力条件中等的河流环境,后期又经过了改造;砂层之中富含丰富的哺乳动物化石及生成于温湿气候条件下的孢子花粉;测年资料证实砂层形成于全新世中期—全新世大暖期。诸多证据表明全新世中期砂层原始环境为河流环境,后期为古人类所利用,应为古人类活动而留下的遗存,属于人工堆积,为古村落遗址。     

Intensified mid-Holocene Asian monsoon recorded in corals from Kikai Island, subtropical northwestern Pacific

Coupled records of Sr/Ca and oxygen isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O) of coral skeletons have been used to produce quantitative estimates of paleo-sea surface temperature (SST) and δ¹⁸O of surface seawater that can in some cases be converted to sea surface salinity (SSS). Two fossil corals from Kikai Island in the subtropical northwestern Pacific, a location affected by East Asian summer and winter monsoons, were analyzed to investigate differences between mid-Holocene and present-day SST and SSS. At 6180 cal yr BP, SSTs were roughly the same as today, both in summer and winter; δ¹⁸O_seawater and SSS values were higher both in summer (+ 0.5‰, +1.1 psu) and in winter (+ 0.2‰, + 0.6 psu) than modern values. At 7010 cal yr BP, SSTs were slightly cooler both in summer and winter (−0.8 and −0.6 °C), whereas δ¹⁸O_seawater and SSS had higher values in summer (+ 0.3‰, + 0.6 psu) and in winter (+ 0.8‰, + 1.9 psu) than present-day values. These results are consistent with other marine records for the mid-Holocene of the low and midlatitudes in the northwestern Pacific. Such regional conditions indicate that the East Asian summer and winter monsoons were more intense in the mid-Holocene, which was likely a function of the mid-Holocene insolation regime.     

Vegetation and climate change since 14,810 C yr B.P. in southeastern Uruguay and implications for the rise of early Formative societies

This article presents a combined pollen and phytolith record of a 1.70-m sediment core from the wetlands of India Muerta (33° 42′ S, 53° 57′ W) in the lowland Pampa (grasslands) of southeastern Uruguay. Six ¹⁴C dates and the pollen and phytolith content of the samples permitted the recognition of four distinct climatic periods between 14,850 ¹⁴C yr B.P. and the present. The Late Pleistocene period (between ca. 14,810 and ca. 10,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P.) was characterized by drier and cooler conditions indicated by the presence of a C3-dominated grassland. These conditions prevailed until the onset of the warmer and more humid climate of the Holocene around 9450 ¹⁴C yr B.P. The early Holocene (between around 10,000 and 6620 ¹⁴C yr B.P.) was characterized by the establishment of wetlands in the region as evidenced by the formation of black peat, the increase in wetland taxa, and the replacement of C3 Pooideae by C4 Panicoideae grasses. During the mid-Holocene, around 6620 ¹⁴C yr B.P., began a period of environmental change characterized by drier climatic conditions, which resulted in the expansion of halophytic communities in the flat, low-lying areas of the wetlands of India Muerta. About 4020 ¹⁴C yr B.P. a massive spike of Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae coupled with a radical drop in wetland species indicates another major and more severe period of dryness. After ca. 4000 ¹⁴C yr B.P., a decrease of halophytic species indicates the onset of more humid and stable climatic conditions, which characterized the late Holocene.The findings reported in this article substantially improve our knowledge of the late Glacial and Holocene climate and vegetation in the region. The data provide a detailed record of the timing and severity of mid-Holocene environmental changes in southeastern South America. Significantly, the mid-Holocene drying trend coincided with major organizational changes in settlement, subsistence, and technology of the pre-Hispanic populations in the region, which gave rise to early Formative societies. This study also represents the first combined pollen and phytolith record for southeastern South America reinforcing the utility of phytoliths as significant indicators of long-term grassland dynamics.     

Mid-Holocene coastal hydrology and salinity changes in the east Taihu area of the lower Yangtze wetlands, China

During the mid-Holocene the eastern Taihu area, on China's Yangtze delta plain, was populated by advanced late Neolithic cultures supported by intensive domesticated rice cultivation. This agricultural system collapsed around 4200 cal yr BP, with severe population decline, the end of the Liangzhu culture, and about half a millennium of very low-scale human activity in the area before the re-establishment of agricultural production. Microfossil analyses from six sedimentary sequences, supported by AMS ¹⁴C dating, has allowed reconstruction of mid-Holocene hydrological conditions and salinity changes which would have had a major influence on agricultural viability and cultural history in the coastal wetlands. These data, allied to existing stratigraphic and sea-level records, show that chenier ridges that developed after ca. 7000 cal yr BP in the east of the area sheltered it from marine inundation and, although still connected to the sea through tidal creeks, low-salinity conditions persisted throughout the Neolithic period. There is no evidence that marine flooding caused the collapse of Liangzhu culture. Marine influence was stable and evolved slowly. Social and cultural causes may also have been important, but if environmental change triggered the collapse of Neolithic agricultural society here, other natural forces must be sought to explain this event.     

Ecological stability during the LGM and the mid-Holocene in the Alpine Steppes of Tibet?

Arid and Alpine ecosystems are known for extreme environmental changes during the Late Quaternary. We hypothesize that the world's largest Alpine arid ecosystem however, the Alpine Steppes of the Tibetan highlands, remained ecologically stable during the LGM and the mid-Holocene. This hypothesis is tested by distributional range of plant species, plant life forms and rate of endemism. The set of character species has a precipitation gradient between 50 and 350 mm/a, testifying for resilience to precipitation changes. 83% of the species have a wider vertical range than 1000 m used as a proxy for resilience to temperature changes. 30% of the species are endemic with 10 endemic genera, including plate-shaped cushions as a unique plant life form. These findings are in line with palaeo-ecological proxies (δ¹⁸O, pollen) allowing the assumption that Alpine Steppes persisted during the LGM with 3 to 4 K lower summer temperatures.During the mid-Holocene, forests could have replaced Alpine Steppes in the upper catchments of the Huang He, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween and Yarlung Zhangbo, but not in the interior basins of the north-western highlands, because the basins were then flooded, suppressing forests and supporting the environmental stability of this arid Alpine grassland biome.     

Reconstruction of Mid-Holocene sedimentary environments in the central part of the Thessaloniki Plain (Greece), based on microfaunal identification, magnetic susceptibility and grain-size analyses

The study aims to estimate the relative contributions of the two drainage basins of the Aliakmon and Axios rivers which, since the Mid-Holocene, have been responsible for building the largest deltaic area in Greece. Sediments from five cores located in the central part of the Thessaloniki Plain have been studied for their environmental changes using paleontological and sedimentological methods. Chronostratigraphical evidence was obtained from ¹⁴C AMS dating of marine shells, peat and organic sediment samples. During the Holocene marine transgression, this large coastal plain was a shallow marine bay reaching approx. 35 km inland circa the 4th millennium BC, from which the sea subsequently regressed to the east. Around the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, strong fluvial deposition of Aliakmon, to the east, and of Axios, to the north, occurred and was responsible of a gradual change to lagoonal and limnic environmental conditions. Around the 5th Century BC, a freshwater lake occupied the westernmost part of the plain.Microfaunal identification, together with magnetic susceptibility measurements, and grain-size analysis reveal three main environments of sediment deposition that reflect combinations of both concentrated and dispersed sources of magnetic/source minerals. Using remote sensing and a combination of spectral bands (LANDSAT TM imagery), we identify former fluvial levees and a freshwater lake, and give a spatial interpretation of the rivers' influences in building this deltaic complex. The mechanisms of edification of the plain as well as the roles played by Aliakmon and Axios sedimentation are described.     

中全新世以来东亚夏季气温对轨道强迫时空响应不一致的模拟研究

基于一个海-气耦合模式FOAM（the Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model）在轨道强迫下对过去6 ka气候变化的瞬变模拟结果,本文分析了中全新世以来东亚地区夏季气温对日射变化的响应特征.研究发现,东亚地区夏季气温对日射响应具有时空不一致性：相对于现代,6 kaB.P.时北半球夏季日射偏强,东亚地区地面气温却未普遍偏高,而是约以35°N为界,北方显著偏暖,南方气温变化不明显甚至有微弱冷却.自6 ka B.P.至今,东亚40°N以北的中、高纬陆地夏季气温大致呈线性降低趋势,以南的低纬陆地夏季气温则呈量级较小的“U”型变化,即气温在约3 kaB.P.附近达最低值,前3 ka为降温趋势,后3 ka为升温趋势.这与一些地质记录反映的气温变化相一致.中全新世以来东亚夏季气温演变的时空不一致性,可能源自因海陆热力惯性不同所引起的气温对日射响应的差异.热容量较小的东亚高纬大陆夏季气温主要响应7月份日射;而热容量较大的海洋对日射的响应通常会滞后约2个月,其夏季气温主要响应5月份日射.受海洋影响,南方陆地夏季气温对日射响应呈现出与海洋相似的特点.在岁差周期上,5、6、7月份日射间的相位差相对于较长轨道时间尺度较不明显,但在相对较短的近6千年时期内,它们相继出现波谷而呈显著趋势差异,从而导致了中全新世以来东亚夏季气温变化的时空差异.正如有学者所指出的,夏季气温变化对应的可能并非同季节日射强迫,考察轨道强迫的气候响应时,如何选择日射标尺至关重要,否则可能混淆“因果”.     

山东沂河中游段古河道形态特征与古流量

选择沂河中游段作为研究河段。根据芭山橡胶坝、北社橡胶坝、沂水县南王庄沂河大桥、336省道(S336)沂河大桥、沂南县澳柯玛沂河大桥的钻孔资料,绘制了5个断面沂河古河槽地质剖面图。在洙阳村附近沂河断面进行了电测法物探,根据钻探验证结果对物探测量的沉积层厚度进行了校正,绘制了洙阳村附近沂河断面古河槽地质剖面图。在洙阳村附近沂河两岸,澳柯玛沂河大桥附近沂河西岸,挖掘剖面采集了光释光(OSL)年代样品,在中国科学院青海盐湖研究所、南京师范大学光释光实验室进行了测试,获得了15个年代结果。选择澳柯玛沂河大桥附近剖面,用河相关系法计算了末次冰期最盛期(LGM)、晚冰期(约12 000 aB.P.)和全新世中期(约7 000 aB.P.)的古流量。结论认为,沂河现在河床下方的基岩河槽为末次冰期最盛期的古河槽,古河道纵比降较大;古河槽宽深比大,河槽宽浅,属于砾石河床分汊型;澳柯玛沂河大桥断面,末次冰期最盛期、晚冰期、全新世中期古流量分别约为17 m~3/s、20 m~3/s、30 m~3/s。     

浙江中全新世海滩岩中的动物群及其古气候古环境意义

本文首次全面报道了产于浙江象山县爵溪镇下沙、大岙和岱山县大长涂岛小沙河中全新世海滩岩中的动物群，计有４３属５４种贝类和７属１０种有孔虫，８属８种介形类。进行了生态类型的划分和古今对比研究，认为与当地现生动物群有明显差别；发现了１６种热带贝类，而有孔虫、介形类未见冷水种，揭示了中全新世时当地气候比现今温暖，也证实了浙江海滩岩是中全新世热带环境条件下的产物。