基于抗震性能普查数据的城区群体建筑震害预测初探

采用孙柏涛等人提出的基于已有震害矩阵模拟的群体震害预测模型,在广东省防震减灾"十一五"重点项目"重点监视防御区县级以上城市建(构)筑物抗震性能普查"数据的基础上,对已做过震害预测城市(区)与普查城市在设防标准、建筑年代、地上层数、建筑用途及平面形状等五方面进行相似度计算,最后得出普查城市的震害矩阵,对比分析结果表明,应用该方法对群体建筑物实施震害预测是可行的。     

中国城市水资源可持续开发战略对策研究

城市水资源开发是一项庞大的、复杂的系统工程。作者在研究中国主要城市地质环境背景和分析城市水资源开发现状与问题的基础上,有针对性地提出了一套技术、经济等城市水资源可持续开发综合战略对策,对解决当前中国城市水资源紧缺和合理开发及科学管理有重要意义。     

Seismogenic Origin of the Ancient Avdat Ruins,Negev Desert,Israel

The present communication addresses the potential use of damage features, observed in the ancient ruins of the Avdat archeological site (Negev Desert, Israel) as a tool to identify the seismic origin of the destruction there and roughly to determine the direction of seismic wave propagation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

我国北方城市地下水资源开发利用与潜力分析

地下水资源在城市供水中起着重要的作用,尤其在水资源缺乏的北方地区,地下水对城市的供水尤为重要。文中分析了我国北方城市地下水资源开发利用与潜力,及城市地下水开发利用中产生的环境地质问题。指出在城市水资源开发利用中必须加强规划,实行开源、节流、保护并重的措施,向节水型经济方向转变,提高水的综合效益。     

Developing the scientific framework for urban geochemistry

Urban geochemistry is a unique discipline that is distinguished from general geochemistry by the complex infrastructure and intense human activities associated with concentrated population centers. As stated by Thornton (1991) “This subject is concerned with the complex interactions and relationships between chemical elements and their compounds in the urban environment, the influence of past and present human and industrial activities on these, and the impacts or effects of geochemical parameters in urban areas on plant, animal and human health.” Urban areas present special challenges to geochemists attempting to understand geochemical states and fluxes. On the 5–6 of August, 2014, the first meeting of the reorganized Urban Geochemistry Working Group of the International Association of GeoChemistry (IAGC) was held in Columbus, Ohio, United States. Two goals of the meeting were to develop the overall scope, and a general definition of urban geochemistry. Five grand themes were developed: 1) recognizing the urban geochemical signature; 2) recognizing the legacy of altered hydrologic and geochemical cycles in urban environments; 3) measuring the urban geochemical signature; 4) understanding the urban influence on geochemical cycles from the continuous development and erosion of physical infrastructure and episodic perturbations; and 5) relating urban geochemistry to human and environmental health and policy. After synthesizing the discussion of these themes we offer the following perspective on the science of urban geochemistry building on the work of Thornton (1991): Urban geochemistry as a scientific discipline provides valuable information on the chemical composition of environments that support large populations and are critical to human health and well-being. Research into urban geochemistry seeks to 1) elucidate and quantify the sources, transport, transformations, and fate of chemicals in the urban environment, 2) recognize the spatial and temporal (including legacies) variability in these processes, and 3) integrate urban studies into global perspectives on climate change, biogeochemical cycles, and human and ecosystem health. We hope that this discussion will encourage other geochemists to engage in challenges unique to urban systems, as well as provide a framework for the future of urban geochemistry research.     

Urban land expansion and its driving factors of mountain cities in China during 1990–2015

Land expansion of mountain cities in China is not systematically studied yet. This study identified 55 major mountain cities at and above prefecture level, and analyzed the land expansion characteristics and driving forces, based on visually interpreted data from TM images in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2015. From 1990 to 2015, total built-up land area of the mountain cities increased by 3.87 times, 5.56% per year. The urban land growth was apparently accelerated after 2000, from 4.35% per year during 1990–2000 increased to 6.47% during 2000–2010 and 6.2% during 2010–2015. Compared to the urban population growth, the urban land expansion rate was 44% higher. As a result, the urban land area per capita increased, but it was still within the government control target, and also was much lower than the average of all cities in China. Urban development policy, changes to administrative divisions, GDP and population growth, and road construction were identified as the major driving forces of land expansion. Terrain conditions were not found a relevance to the urban land expansion rate during 1990–2015, but had a significant impact on the layout and shape, and also probably on the urban land efficiency.     

江浙沪主要中心城市对外经济联系的测度分析

城市是一个开放的系统,城市的发展离不开与其它城市和区域的相互联系。本文借助区域间相互作用的引 力模型,从节点分析、线路分析以及经济联系强度等方面对江浙沪主要中心城市对外经济联系状况进行实际测度, 定量分析其对外经济联系的空间结构等级层次性特征。结果表明：江浙沪主要中心城市对外经济联系不断增强,区 域差异明显,并且表现出按照一定的轴线发生联系,这种轴线的方向和路径具有一定规律性;上海对江浙中心城市 的经济联系强度大,并呈现距离衰减规律,形成圈层结构分异;苏锡常经济圈内部经济联系紧密,南京和杭州对外 经济联系不强,中心地位亟待提高;交通是宁波对外经济联系的最主要障碍。总之,江浙沪主要中心城市经济发展 水平是其对外经济联系的前提条件,而加快交通建设,特别是高速公路的建设,是加快经济发展的关键,也是加强 区域间经济联系的主要手段之一,当然这还与距离、行政区划和历史等因素有关。     

边缘化地区特征、形成机制及对策研究——以河南省黄淮四市为例

通过对边缘化理论和内涵的阐述,在中部崛起和中原城市群这一经济发展战略背景下,以河南省黄淮四市为例,分析边缘化地区的特征及其形成机制,认为区域交通条件和行政区划分割造成发展"交易成本"过高,落后的经济基础成为边缘化的历史原因,并在全球化、市场化和区域政策的作用下,通过"路径依赖"机制不断强化,最终导致发展的边缘化。基于此,从发挥边缘效应、调整产业结构、构建区域中心城市和制度创新等角度提出发展对策。