基于RS和GIS的松花江流域植被覆盖动态变化研究

利用遥感和地理信息系统技术对1989,1995年的Landsat TM数据和2002年Landsat ETM＋三期遥感数据进行处理,反演和计算松花江流域的归一化植被指数（NDVI）,在此基础上,获取研究区域植被覆盖度。在ArcGIS9.2软件空间分析模块的支持下,对研究区域三期植被覆盖影像进行叠加分析,以流域尺度和栅格尺度分析植被覆盖变化的时间和空间特性,获取研究区域植被覆盖度空间格局分布特征,为该区域植被覆盖度的自动化监测提供很好的技术支持。     

利用InSAR数据的格尔木市地表沉降监测

InSAR及其相关技术在城市地面沉降监测中具有独特优势。本文采用2015年12月4日至2018年1月10日间的37景Sentinel-1卫星SAR影像数据,基于InSAR时间序列分析技术,对地处高原的格尔木市市区及其周边进行了地表形变监测。结果表明,基于相干性等指标共提取了252 889个相干点,每平方千米平均有501个相干点,后续经相干点分析计算后掩模去误差较大的点后,实际使用相干点252 035个;格尔木市及其周边郊区的整体沉降速率均在5 mm/a以内,未发现明显的沉降区域或大面积的沉降带,市区南部的沉降速率低于北部。     

滑坡监测的指标体系与技术方法

滑坡监测目的:了解和掌握滑坡体的演变过程,及时捕捉崩滑灾害的特征信息,为崩塌滑坡的正确分析、评价、预测、预报及治理工程等提供可靠资料和科学依据。滑坡监测指标包括地质宏观形迹监测、地面位移监测、深部位移监测、诱发因素监测、水压力监测和滑坡地球物理、地球化学场监测等。滑坡监测技术方法通常有地面宏观形迹的简易观测、地面仪器监测、空间遥测和遥感监测、综合的实时监测预报系统等。论文还介绍了宝塔滑坡监测系统实例。      

我国风云极轨气象卫星及应用进展

我国风云极轨气象卫星数据,目前已经被应用在天气预报、气候预测、自然灾害、环境监测、科学研究等多个重要领域,为我国国民经济建设、国防建设、防灾减灾和全球许多国家的经济发展做出了重要贡献.本文介绍了我国风云极轨气象卫星的发展历程,重点阐述了目前风云极轨气象卫星在卫星数据预处理、定量产品反演、卫星资料同化等方面的应用研究进展...     

A new standardized Palmer drought index for hydro‐meteorological use

Accepting the concept of standardization introduced by the standardized precipitation index, similar methodologies have been developed to construct some other standardized drought indices such as the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). In this study, the authors provided deep insight into the SPEI and recognized potential deficiencies/limitations in relating to the climatic water balance it used. By coupling another well‐known Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), we proposed a new standardized Palmer drought index (SPDI) through a moisture departure probabilistic approach, which allows multi‐scalar calculation for accurate temporal and spatial comparison of the hydro‐meteorological conditions of different locations. Using datasets of monthly precipitation, temperature and soil available water capacity, the moisture deficit/surplus was calculated at multiple temporal scales, and a couple of techniques were adopted to adjust corresponding time series to a generalized extreme value distribution out of several candidates. Results of the historical records (1900–2012) for diverse climates by multiple indices showed that the SPDI was highly consistent and correlated with the SPEI and self‐calibrated PDSI at most analysed time scales. Furthermore, a simple experiment of hypothetical temperature and/or precipitation change scenarios also verified the effectiveness of this newly derived SPDI in response to climate change impacts. Being more robust and preferable in spatial consistency and comparability as well as combining the simplicity of calculation with sufficient accounting of the physical nature of water supply and demand relating to droughts, the SPDI is promising to serve as a competent reference and an alternative for drought assessment and monitoring. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

区域性CORS系统监测地表形变的可行性

连续运行卫星定位服务系统(简称为CORS)已经在国内外广泛建立,CORS在维护区域大地测量基准和城市测绘工作中得到了非常广泛的应用。但在城市地面沉降监测方面,仍存在基准站的稳定性、测量精度对平面及高程形变影响等问题。这里提出了一套完整的基于CORS系统变形监测网的稳定性分析的方法和流程。采用秩亏自由网平差,以位移向量一次性范数最小原则求取监测网点最合理的位移量及权阵。采用正态分布函数对监测点的位移显著性进行检验。结合武汉市地面沉降监测项目,分析评价了武汉市连续运行卫星定位服务系统(简称为WHCORS)用于城市地表形变监测的可行性。     

The dynamic characteristics and migration of a pyramid dune

The results of wind tunnel experiments and field observations show that when the intersection angle between airflow direction and dune crest (ridge) line is > 30°, a reverse vortex is formed. Because of the convergence of sand streams from the windward and lee slopes at the crest, sand accumulates in the crestal region, causing vertical growth. Nevertheless, studies also show that the common asymmetry of the two slopes of a dune may significantly influence the evolution of arms of a pyramid dune. The migration rates of pyramid dunes are mediated by the interplay of their arms moving transversely and the vertical growth in response to the variations in wind regimes. Comparing the effects of airflow transverse to a given arm with longitudinal airflow, it is indicated that the transverse airflow is more significant in controlling the arms of pyramid dunes. The whole body of the studied pyramid dune, particularly the upper quarter section, migrated SE direction during the monitoring period. The patterns of wind erosion and deposition change alternately with seasonal variations in wind directions. The W, NE and SE sides undergo constant erosion, deposition and both erosion and deposition, respectively. The results of long-term monitoring of a pyramid dune show that southerly winds, resulting from a local circulation, markedly affect the transverse migration of the whole pyramid dune.     

一种新型海洋环境长期连续监测系统及其防生物附着装置的设计

主要介绍了一种海洋环境连续监测系统的设计与实现。现有的水下监测仪器一般长时间放置在水下,不可避免地会遭受海洋生物附着和损坏,通常3个月到6个月左右需要清理或者更新一次。设计采用新型监测结构,将被测海水抽样到舱内进行相关参数的检测,检测完成后,将海水排回海中,舱内仪器采用消毒液和清水自动冲洗。通过这种方式,避免了海洋生物的附着和污染,检测仪器可以长期可靠地运行,减少了设备的维护次数,在海洋监测领域具有重要的意义。     

青藏高原东北缘大陆岩石圈现今变形和位移

川青地块在地貌上为川西高原,亦是青藏高原东北边缘最重要的构造单元。新的GPS监测资料表明,在欧亚框架内,川青地块及其邻近的龙门山带和华南地块西缘的地壳运动水平速度,具有自西向东由25.66mm/a递变下降到6.99mm/a的总趋势。速度矢量表现出顺时针涡旋转动。川青地块内具有局部应变积累的非均一的区域剪切。横切鲜水河断裂带中段新的GPS测量结果揭示,两侧地块间的平均左旋滑动速率约8mm/a;由于局部应变积累,断裂系南西侧的主断裂的移动速率为9.3mm/a,其间为拉分盆地和小的横向伸展断裂。鲜水河断裂系的左旋断裂滑动作用,调节了川青地块与川滇地块之间的相对运动。     

Earthquake detection probability within a seismically quiet area: application to the Bruchsal geothermal field

In applications such as oil and gas production, deep geothermal energy production, underground storage, and mining, it is common practice to implement local seismic networks to monitor and to mitigate induced seismicity. For this purpose, it is crucial to determine the capability of the network to detect a seismic event of predefined magnitude in the target area. The determination of the magnitude of completeness of a network is particularly required to properly interpret seismic monitoring results. We propose a method to compute the detection probability for existing local seismic networks, which (i) strictly follows the applied detection sequence; (ii) estimates the detection capability where seismicity has not yet occurred; and (iii) delivers the results in terms of probabilities. The procedure includes a calibration of a local magnitude scale using regional earthquakes recorded by the network and located outside the monitored area. It involves pre‐processing of the seismograms recorded at each station as performed during the triggering sequence, which is assumed based on amplitude thresholds. Then, the calibrated magnitude–distance–amplitude relations are extrapolated at short distances and combined to reproduce the network detection sequence. This generates a probability to detect a seismic event of a given magnitude at a specified location. This observation‐based approach is an alternative to a fully theoretical detection capability modelling and includes field conditions. Seismic wave attenuation by geometrical spreading and intrinsic attenuation, site effect, and instrumental responses are partly accounted for by the calibration. We apply this procedure on the seismic network deployed in the Bruchsal geothermal field (Germany). Although the system was in good working order, no induced seismicity was identified in the area between June 2010, when monitoring started, and November 2012. The recording of distant seismicity during this time period, however, allowed the application of the proposed procedure. According to the applied network detection parameters, the results indicate that the absence of seismicity can be interpreted as a 95% probability that no seismic event with M_L ≥ 0.7 occurred below the network at 2.4‐km depth, i.e., in the geothermal reservoir.