宁夏地下水监测现状调查及对策

[目的]针对地下水监测存在问题,提出改进地下水监测工作的对策和建议。[方法]调查地下水监测历史沿革及现状,理出存在主要问题,研究应对策略。[结果]宁夏地下水监测范围小,监测层位浅,监测井标准低老化严重,井网布局和监测项目与面临任务不适应,难以满足地下水管理与开发保护要求,亟需完善地下水监测井网。[结论]做好宁夏地下水监测站网总体规划,建立稳定资金投入机制,加强与国土部门合作,逐年完善地下水监测站网,是做好地下水监测工作主要举措。     

ZY-102C星数据在矿山遥感监测中的应用研究与分析

利用资源一号(ZY-1)02C卫星(以下简称02C星)全色高分辨率相机(HR)和多光谱相机(MUX)数据,以河北承德多金属矿区和江西寻乌稀土矿区为实验区,开展了1∶5万矿山遥感监测应用研究;分析了应用过程中存在的问题,提出了解决方案和建议,对02C星数据在矿山遥感监测中的规模化应用起到了示范效果。研究结果表明:在数据处理流程上,对空间分辨率为2.36 m的02C星全色HR1与HR2数据需先进行正射纠正再拼接,对空间分辨率为10 m的多光谱数据MUX可采用假彩色合成方法进行模拟真彩色合成;在矿山地物识别上,与SPOT5图像比较,02C星图像可更好地反映出开采面、开采点、中转场和矿山建筑等矿山地物类型,不足之处是纹理信息较平滑、矿山地物的边界相对模糊,因而增加了室内解译的难度;在经济效益上,02C星数据的性价比优势明显。因此,尽管02C星数据处理和解译工作量较大,但其能满足1∶5万矿山遥感监测要求,总体经济效益显著。     

基于数字信号处理器的Linux网络远程实时监控系统的实现

针对现有市场上传统视频监控系统的不足,以及大部分数字信号处理器在控制和内存管理方面的局限性,设计了一个面向网络设备的嵌入式监控模型。该模型能最大限度的发挥数字信号处理器的性能,在单片数字信号处理器下,实现网络远程实时监控。首先对该监控系统的设计方案进行阐述;接着针对该系统模型的重点部分,数字信号处理器下的μCLinux操作系统移植,视频压缩模块和实时传输模块实现及优化进行了具体设计;最后对该模型的整体性能进行测试,证明该模型能满足网络远程实时监控系统的需要。     

无人机影像三维重建在沙丘形态监测中的应用

沙丘形态监测对开展土地沙化防治工作具有重大意义。应用无人机,分别在2016年7月、2017年3月、7月和9月对青海湖克土沙区4个沙丘进行影像采集,借助PhotoScan软件进行三维重建生成高分辨率的沙丘正射影像和DEM数据,使用ArcGIS软件获取沙丘形态参数并分析变化。实验结果表明：基于无人机影像监测沙丘形态,具有可行性和准确性,正射影像精度较高,DEM数据通过校正后可正确反映沙丘形态,为逐天高精度监测变化提供了可能。     

基于激光点云的巨型倾倒大变形体监测研究

以某特高岸水库巨型变形体为研究对象,应用地面三维激光扫描仪采集变形体表面激光点云数据,建立变形体DEM模型,几何量测提取点、线、面(体)成果,对比及叠加分析,得到特定点、线、面及整个变形体位移量信息。研究结果表明,高密度激光点云数据可弥补传统监测成果单一及分析局限或以点概全的不足,以其丰富多样的监测成果全面反映变形体的变形信息,尤其对速滑变形在时效性和精度匹配上更有效,可达到应急预报要求。     

高精度时空信息崩滑坡灾害监测技术

我国部分地区地质灾害爆发频率高,多年来崩滑坡、泥石流等高危险性地质灾害严重威胁我国人民财产与生命安全。因此,地质灾害及时预警一直是我国在应急方面亟待解决的难题。随着北斗、GPS等全球卫星导航系统的建设组网,GNSS技术逐渐成为当前提供时空位置信息的重要手段,具有数据实时性、设备低功耗、搭建便捷化等特性,成为解决地质灾害监测与预警的理想技术手段。本文利用BDS+GPS+GLONASS时空信息数据,构建了面向地质灾害监测的中长基线毫米级精度的崩滑坡监测解算方法,确定了双差观测的载波相位解算模型。最后在重庆新浦区域展开试验应用,实现了基于高精度时空信息的毫米级滑坡灾害的监测与预警。为预计该区域的地质灾害提供了数据支持,为人民的生产生活提供了技术保障。     

Electrification of volcanic plumes

Volcanic lightning, perhaps the most spectacular consequence of the electrification of volcanic plumes, has been implicated in the origin of life on Earth, and may also exist in other planetary atmospheres. Recent years have seen volcanic lightning detection used as part of a portfolio of developing techniques to monitor volcanic eruptions. Remote sensing measurement techniques have been used to monitor volcanic lightning, but surface observations of the atmospheric electric Potential Gradient (PG) and the charge carried on volcanic ash also show that many volcanic plumes, whilst not sufficiently electrified to produce lightning, have detectable electrification exceeding that of their surrounding environment. Electrification has only been observed associated with ash-rich explosive plumes, but there is little evidence that the composition of the ash is critical to its occurrence. Different conceptual theories for charge generation and separation in volcanic plumes have been developed to explain the disparate observations obtained, but the ash fragmentation mechanism appears to be a key parameter. It is unclear which mechanisms or combinations of electrification mechanisms dominate in different circumstances. Electrostatic forces play an important role in modulating the dry fall-out of ash from a volcanic plume. Beyond the local electrification of plumes, the higher stratospheric particle concentrations following a large explosive eruption may affect the global atmospheric electrical circuit. It is possible that this might present another, if minor, way by which large volcanic eruptions affect global climate. The direct hazard of volcanic lightning to communities is generally low compared to other aspects of volcanic activity.     

Modelling the dynamics and thermodynamics of volcanic degassing

 The rates of passive degassing from volcanoes are investigated by modelling the convective overturn of dense degassed and less dense gas-rich magmas in a vertical conduit linking a shallow degassing zone with a deep magma chamber. Laboratory experiments are used to constrain our theoretical model of the overturn rate and to elaborate on the model of this process presented by Kazahaya et al. (1994). We also introduce the effects of a CO₂–saturated deep chamber and adiabatic cooling of ascending magma. We find that overturn occurs by concentric flow of the magmas along the conduit, although the details of the flow depend on the magmas' viscosity ratio. Where convective overturn limits the supply of gas-rich magma, then the gas emission rate is proportional to the flow rate of the overturning magmas (proportional to the density difference driving convection, the conduit radius to the fourth power, and inversely proportional to the degassed magma viscosity) and the mass fraction of water that is degassed. Efficient degassing enhances the density difference but increases the magma viscosity, and this dampens convection. Two degassing volcanoes were modelled. At Stromboli, assuming a 2 km deep, 30% crystalline basaltic chamber, containing 0.5 wt.% dissolved water, the ∼700 kg s^–1 magmatic water flux can be modelled with a 4–10 m radius conduit, degassing 20–100% of the available water and all of the 1 to 4 vol.% CO₂ chamber gas. At Mount St. Helens in June 1980, assuming a 7 km deep, 39% crystalline dacitic chamber, containing 4.6 wt.% dissolved water, the ∼500 kg s^–1 magmatic water flux can be modelled with a 22–60 m radius conduit, degassing ∼2–90% of the available water and all of the 0.1 to 3 vol.% CO₂ chamber gas. The range of these results is consistent with previous models and observations. Convection driven by degassing provides a plausible mechanism for transferring volatiles from deep magma chambers to the atmosphere, and it can explain the gas fluxes measured at many persistently active volcanoes. Received: 26 September 1997 / Accepted: 11 July 1998     

两次强降水过程雨滴谱特征及差异

利用寿县观测站内的Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪结合观测站雨量数据及雷达基数据,分析了发生在2015年6月26—30日梅雨期间和2015年8月7—10日超强台风"苏迪罗"影响期间2次强降水过程的雨滴谱结构特征及其差异,拟合了雨强与雷达反射率因子之间的关系。结果表明:雨强的大小直接影响雨滴谱的特征参量,且随着雨强增大而增大;梅雨锋暴雨中1.0mm直径≤1.5mm的粒子所占比例最多,雨强贡献率最大;台风雨中0.75mm直径≤1.0mm的粒子所占比例最多,但1.0mm直径≤1.25mm的粒子对雨强的贡献最大,说明较大粒子对强降水的贡献较大。     

大型油罐沉降监测数据处理软件的实现

介绍了针对某批大型油罐的沉降监测数据处理软件制作过程,采用了Excel电子表格软件在VBA可视化编程环境下完成,实现了工程测量数据的及时处理分析。