Dynamics of the turbidity maximum in King Sound, tropical Western Australia

King Sound is a 100-km-long embayment located in tropical northwestern Australia with a spring tidal range of 11 m. This is the second largest tide in the world after the Bay of Fundy in Canada. Intertidal areas cover about 800 km². The upper reaches of the sound are turbid with fine suspended sediment concentration reaching 3 kg m⁻³. Field studies of the dynamics of water and fine sediment were carried out in the dry seasons of 1997 and 1998. The tide was a propagating wave, shoaling and dissipating by friction as it entered the sound. This mode of propagation generated an asymmetric tidal current with a stronger current at flood than at ebb. An evaporation-driven salinity maximum zone was found in the upper reaches of the sound, and this was also where the turbidity maximum occurred. Tidal pumping by the tidal asymmetry and, possibly, the biological filter formed by muddy marine snow, trapped the fine sediment in the upper regions of King Sound. Wind-driven waves contributed significantly to entrainment of bottom fine sediment, possibly through wave pumping of the sediment and not wave-induced orbital velocities. Field data suggest that erosion of bottom fine sediment was proportional to the sixth power of the tidal current and the third power of the wave height.     

乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛早第三纪植物群及其环境意义

南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛化石山植物群的发现是研究该地区新生代地质历史的一件大事。通过层位对比、化石特征、植物群组合面貌的研究,认为该植物层的时代为始新世末期至渐新世早、中期,当时为温暖偏干的温带或亚热带疏林环境。     

Volcanic geology of Admiralty Bay,King George Island,Antarctica

At Admiralty Bay of central King George Island, Keller Peninsula, Ull-man Spur and Point Hennequin are main Tertiary volcanic terranes. Field investigation and isotopic datings indicate that, there occurred three periods of eruptions ( three volcanic cycles) and accompanying N-toward migration of the volcanic center on Keller Peninsula. After the second period of eruptions, the crater collapsed and a cal-dera was formed, then later eruptions were limited at the northern end of the peninsula and finally migrated to Ullman Spur. Thus Keller Peninsula is a revived caldera, and its volcanism migrated toward E with time. Point Hennequin volcanism happened more or less simultaneously with the above two areas, but has no clear relation in chemical evolution with them, frequently it belongs to another independent volcanic center.     

Daly Basin,Northern Territory: lithostratigraphic revision resolves context of incongruous Ordovician fossils

A local succession of interbedded dolostone, limestone and glauconitic sandstone in the central Daly Basin of the Northern Territory, dated as Early Ordovician, has for many years appeared incongruous in terms of lithology and age relative to mapped formations of the Cambrian Daly River Group. Geological mapping and stratigraphic drilling have now shown that this interval, recently named the Florina Formation and described here, unconformably overlies the karstified surface of the uppermost formation of the Daly River Group, the Oolloo Dolostone. It is the youngest formation of the Daly Basin succession, but due to the lengthy hiatus between it and the underlying units, it is not included within the Daly River Group. It comprises three intervals of carbonate rocks alternating with thicker intervals of siliciclastic rocks. The latter are viewed as forming under dominantly moderate energy, shallow marine conditions with sediments derived from a distant terrigenous source. The carbonate rocks were dominantly subtidal, too far offshore to receive significant amounts of terrigenous material but shallow enough to be above storm wave base. The Oolloo Dolostone is formally divided here into two members, the lower Briggs Member and the upper King Member. Both consist largely of dolostone, but the Briggs Member is typically well bedded, contains ooids and has a minor component of quartz sand. It accumulated mainly as ooid shoals seaward of tidal flats. The overlying King Member is massive to coarsely bedded with only traces of terrigenous sediment and was deposited in deeper water seaward of the Briggs Member.     

西南极乔治王岛北海岸第三纪火山岩的岩石化学和地球化学研究

乔治王岛北海岸的第三纪火山岩包括菲尔德斯半岛组（ＦＰＧ）熔岩、Ａｄｍｉｒａｌｔｙ湾组（ＡＢＧ）岩颈和Ｗｅｇｇｅｒ峰组（ＷＰＧ）侵入岩。大多数中基性熔岩为斑状结构，斜长石和普通辉石是岩石中最主要的斑晶相。安山岩中尚含有少量斜方辉石，英安岩质熔岩则为细晶质结构。岩颈相岩石的物质组成与熔岩相似，但斑晶含量往往较少。岩石化学成分表明，所有岩石均富铝，为亚碱性火山岩，属于钙碱性岩石系列。岩石富集大离子亲石元素，轻稀土元素略为富集，稀土元素总含量落在钙碱性岩石的含量范围之内并基本随硅含量的增加而增加。岩石具有很低的８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ比值（０．７０３４左右）和较高的１４３Ｎｄ／１４４Ｎｄ比值（０．５１２７８－０．５１２８８），εＮｄ平均值在＋６左右。８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ比值与Ｓｉ、Ｋ、Ｒｂ、１／Ｓｒ等元素呈水平线性关系。在Ｃｅ／Ｙｂ－Ｃｅ和Ｔｈ／Ｔａ－Ｔｈ图解上所有岩石的投影点分布趋势相同，趋势线的斜率＞０。上述特征表明，乔治王岛北海岸第三纪火山岩均由上地幔物质直接生成而未受壳源物质的混染。推测在古太平洋板块向南极板块下俯冲的过程中，上地幔发生的不同程度部分熔融所生成的玄武岩岩浆从深部岩浆囊沿构造薄弱带穿过地壳直接喷出形成     

THE COMPILATION OF A DTM AND A NEW SATELLITE IMAGE MAP FOR KING GEORGE ISLAND,ANTARCTICA

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｔｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ,ＫｉｎｇＧｅｏｒｇｅＩｓｌａｎｄ (ＫＧＩ)ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｅｄｓｉｔｅｓｉｎＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａ .Ｉｎｔｏｔａｌ,9ｐｅｒｍａｎｅｎｔｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｉｎｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｅｖｅｒａｌｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｃａｂｉｎｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｅｄ .ＤｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｅａｓｙａｃｃｅｓｓｖｉａｔｈｅＣｈｉｌｅａｎａｉｒｓｔｒｉｐｔｈｅｎｕｍ ｂｅｒｏｆｔｈｅｉｓｌａｎｄ’ｓｉｎｈａｂｉｔａｎｔｓｒ…     

Holocene paleoclimate changes determined using diatom assemblages from Lake Long,King George Island,Antarctica

Formation of Lake Long, King George Island, Antarctica started about 4,000 years B.P., after which the diatom community changed in response to environmental shifts driven by climatic oscillations (warm/wet and cool/dry). Successive sequences of diatoms in a 7.5-m drill core were divided into 11 assemblage zones by cluster analysis. The most obvious change was an alternation of major dominants, Achnanthes minutissima, Fragilaria alpestris and Fragilaria pinnata v. antarctica according to the climatic oscillations in the late Holocene. Variations in diatom assemblages clearly reflect two warm periods, a single cool period, and three transition periods. The recent warm period (zones 2 and 1) has persisted for approximately 450 years, perhaps sufficiently long to suggest the imminent onset of a new transition period. A recent high TOC (total organic carbon) value in the core reflects a warm period in Antarctica during the late Holocene.     

南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽冰芯火山喷发记录

矿物和结构分析揭示了南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽一支 80 .2 m冰芯中的 9层深褐色沉积物的火山灰特征。本文从冰川处于稳定状态的假定出发 ,根据 Dansgaard- Johnsen流动模式断代结果 ,建立了南设得兰群岛火山喷发序列。依冰芯记录判断 ,该区 1 650年以来的 340年间 ,共有 7轮火山喷发。1 875～ 1 92 5年间似为火山活跃期 ,喷发地点可能主要在欺骗岛 ;1 650～ 1 80 0年间为一相对平静期 ;此后一个世纪不太稳定 ;而过去的 1 0 0年间基本平静 ,只是世纪初和 50～ 70年代间各有一段动荡期。冰芯中记载的大多数火山喷发可在该区有关文献中找到记录。没有记录在案的几例喷发事件需进一步调查。冰芯中缺失 1 967～ 1 970年欺骗岛火山灰层位表明 ,研究得到的火山序列仍未包含所有的喷发事件。但本文展示的该区过去 340年间火山活动基本趋势并不因此而改变。     

Evaluating sediment yield at King Talal Reservoir from landslides along Irbid–Amman Highway

With a capacity of 86 MCM, King Talal Reservoir is considered a major water supply in Jordan. It was built exclusively to irrigate the land in the Jordan Valley. Unexpectedly, the design capacity of the reservoir was confronted by the elevated sediment inflows during and after the construction of the Irbid–Amman Highway in 1987. Since then the annual sediment inflow measured at the mouth of the reservoir was higher than expected in a similar year. Notably, the over-wet season of 1991/2, as a result of six major landslides along the highway, registered the highest sediment inflow into the reservoir. In the present work the fractional contribution of these landslides to total sediment yield at the reservoir was evaluated. The evaluation was made by applying the well-known erosion model, AGNPS (Young et al., USDA Conservation Research Report 35, 1987). To calibrate the model, it was successively applied from 1980/1 to 1990/1 on the measured sediment data before the occurrence of landslides. With a slight tune-up of some of the King Talal watershed erosion variables, fairly good agreement was obtained in some years. However, the disagreement noticed in other years might be attributed to some conservation measures practised in the watershed. Because the serious landslides occurred in the wet season of 1991/2, the model was run for the two scenarios in this year: with and without landslides. The difference in results represents the contribution of landslides to sediment yield at the reservoir. It is concluded, based on these results, that landslides, if continued without control, will definitely jeopardize the design capacity of the reservoir.     

南极乔治王岛始新统化石山组沉积火山碎屑岩特征

南极乔治王岛化石山剖面的化石山组主要由沉积火山碎屑岩（包括沉火山角砾岩和沉凝灰岩）组成，上部夹正常沉积岩和两层薄煤层，形成从粗到细的两个沉积旋回。第１旋回的沉火山角砾岩和沉凝灰岩由不同粒级的火山岩岩屑、斜长石晶屑和细火山尘基质组成，火山碎屑物质含量在９０％以上，沉积特征显示从火山碎屑流（？）到低密度流的快速堆积性质。其中第１、２层沉凝灰岩受强烈的沸石化（浊沸石和方沸石）作用，而泥级沉凝灰岩夹层的细火山尘物质多已变成绿泥石－蒙脱石规则混层矿物；因为这种混层矿物也常常被沸石化，故其形成应在沸石化作用之前。Ｘ－衍射分析显示较多钠长石的存在。钠长石和方沸石的钠可能来自中长石被浊沸石化后释放出的Ｎａ＋。第２旋回由沉火山角砾岩、沉凝灰岩夹岩屑长石杂砂岩和薄煤层组成，显示正常沉积物经常被携入沉积盆地。第３、４层的泥级沉凝灰岩以显著的蒙皂石化为特征，沸石化作用不发育；其中的斜长石主要是中长石和（或）拉长石。化石山组泥级沉凝灰岩的微量元素组分及含量与下伏玛瑙滩组顶部安山岩的相当，但第２～３层间有某些元素迁移和富集，这可能与层间热水溶液的活动有关。Ｂ含量特别低（＜１×１０－６），不仅指示背景值低，而且也说明沉积环境与海水没有关