Variabilité et tendances observées sur les débits moyens mensuels,saisonniers et annuels dans le bassin de la Falémé (Sénégal)

Le changement climatique, lié au réchauffement de la Terre, agit directement sur notre milieu naturel en le transformant et s’accompagne de modifications dans le cycle hydrologique. Il s’en suit une baisse drastique des ressources en eau disponibles du fait de la forte diminution des totaux pluviométriques reçus. Dans cette étude, nous utilisons le test de Mann-Kendall pour caractériser la variabilité et les tendances des débits dans le bassin de la Falémé sur la période 1954–2014. Les résultats de l’analyse révèlent une tendance à la baisse statistiquement significative sur pratiquement tous les mois et sur les périodes de hautes et de basses eaux. Une tendance a été observée aussi sur les années de faible hydraulicité durant lesquelles l’écoulement des périodes de hautes et basses eaux est moins important. Le test de Mann-Kendall s’est donc avéré efficace pour indiquer les tendances négatives de l’écoulement dans le bassin de la Falémé.     

Statistical assessment of trends and oscillations in rainfall dynamics: Analysis of long daily Italian series

Since the 18th century systematic measurements of rainfall have been collected in Italy. The daily rainfall series observed in Milan (1835–2001), Genoa (1833–2000), Bologna (1813–2001) and Palermo (1797–1999) are examples of available long rainfall records. These data series can help analyzing the evolution of precipitation. The present paper deals with long term evolution of: (i) annual rainfall amount; (ii) annual number of rainy events; (iii) intensity of rainfall, (iv) inter-annual rainfall partitioning, i.e. the duration of wet and dry periods, and (v) maximum annual values of daily rainfall amount, duration of wet and dry periods. The evolution is studied analyzing the first two order statistics and the 30-year return period quantiles via moving window analysis. Confidence intervals are introduced to check the statistical significance of the estimated statistics and quantiles. The results are compared with those provided by the traditional Mann-Kendall test. The analysis shows how the annual precipitation exhibits a negative trend in the first half of 20th century, with a subsequent positive trend in northern Italy (Genoa, Milan and Bologna). Conversely, the dataset for Palermo (southern Italy) displays only a negative trend. Because the number of precipitation episodes is found to decrease in the investigated period, the average rain rate is significantly increasing especially in northern Italy. This is also associated with shorter duration of rain episodes with an evident effect on rainfall extremes. Dry periods tend to be longer with increasing variability. The Mann-Kendall test and its progressive form have shown to be well suited for monotonic trend, but the confidence interval analysis, introduced here, is more appropriate if oscillations are significant.     

黄河流域水文气象要素变化及与东亚夏季风的关系

为研究黄河流域水文气象要素变化规律,并揭示各要素与东亚夏季风之间的潜在关系,建立了全流域VIC水文模型、MK突变检验和MK相关检验。结果表明:从20世纪80年代中期开始,流域绝大部分地区气温上升趋势明显,而降水、蒸散发、径流深和土壤湿度呈整体减小趋势,且中游地区减幅最大。各要素与东亚夏季风相关密切,但空间差异性明显。气温与东亚夏季风强度普遍呈负相关,且宁蒙河段及内流区相关性显著;其他要素则相反,正相关显著区域主要位于河口镇到三门峡区间。研究还发现相比较降水,黄土高原径流深对夏季风强度变化更为敏感。因此,对东亚夏季风的研究可为预测黄河流域内水文过程及水资源的变化提供重要的科学参考。     

重庆市气候因子变化及其与植被活动的相关性

全球变化背景下气候因子与地表植被的相互作用过程是地球科学领域的研究重点和热点。利用重庆市50年来气象站点数据和1999年以来的SPOT4-VGT NDVI数据,采用Mann-Kendall检验、时空分析、相关分析等方法,对年均温、年降水时空变化特征及其与植被活动变化之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明,重庆市50 a间年均温、年降水量波动明显,其中年均温2002年以后增温趋势显著。植被覆盖近10 a呈明显增加趋势,且存在显著的时空差异。空间上,三峡库区及长江、嘉陵江沿岸NDVI增加最为明显;时间上,春季、秋季NDVI增加最为显著。植被覆盖年内周期变化与降水、特别是气温的相关性显著,但年际变化与年均温和年降水量变化相关性不显著。初步分析表明,人类活动,特别是农业生产、耕地保护和植被生态建设等,是近10 a重庆市植被覆盖上升的首要因素。     

近43 a潮州市蒸发变化特征及其影响因素

利用潮州市气象观测站1969—2011年蒸发量、平均气温、降水、总云量、平均风速、水汽压和相对湿度等资料,采用距平百分率、累积距平、Mann-Kendall、小波分析等方法,分析潮州市蒸发变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明：潮州市蒸发量在20世纪70年代和80年代最多,90年代最少,四季蒸发量的波动比较明显;突变检验表明,20世纪70年代日照时数出现突发性上升,但是没有出现明显突变点;通过对全年和季节蒸发量的周期分析,在比较显著的时间尺度上蒸发量目前处于偏多的时期;年蒸发量减少与平均气温增加关系密切,同时也和夏季日照时数的增加有一定关系.     

40 年来山东半岛滨海与内陆地区气温变化比较分析

以1959~2012年的年平均气温为数据源,用Mann-Kendall(M-K)秩次相关法对山东半岛滨海(以威海、成山头和海阳气象站平均值为代表)和内陆(以济南、沂源和兖州气象站平均值为代表)区的气温变化进行了比较分析。研究结果表明,1973~2012年以来滨海和内陆区的年平均气温变化总体呈增加的趋势,但低于同期全球增温幅度。从2个区域的比较来看,滨海区增温变化高于内陆区0.17℃。但是,M-K趋势检验表明,滨海区年平均气温波动幅度小于内陆区。不同分析时间序列长短对结果的影响极大,随分析时间序列(尺度)增加,变化趋势(β)无规律,但正态分布统计量(Zc)随分析时间序列增加而增加。本文对相同气候类型下滨海和内陆气温变化的差异性进行探讨,这对于正确认识和评估在全球升温背景下,滨海和内陆区域的气候变化特点和其对环境和社会经济发展的影响都具有重要的意义。     

Evaluating climate model outputs for hydrological applications

Citation Wilby, R. L. (2010) Evaluating climate model outputs for hydrological applications – Opinion. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(7), 1090–1093.     

Streamflow trends in Nepal

Abstract

This study presents the first comprehensive nationwide trend detection of streamflow in Nepal, a country that has been historically understudied despite its critical location as the southern pathway for most of the Himalayan snowpack melt and torrential seasonal monsoon rains. We applied Mann-Kendall and Sen's trend tests using trend-free pre-whitening and bootstrap approaches to two streamflow data sets to deal with serial and cross-correlation. The two data sets comprised 23–33 hydrometric stations with 31 years and more than 20 years of published data, respectively. The test on the 33 stations data set showed that 23% of the streamflow variables studied had statistically significant trends, evenly divided between upward and downward trends. Similarly, in the second, relatively smaller data set, 24% of variables exhibited trends, of which 41% were downward and 59% upward. The higher percentage of observed upward trends in pre-monsoon and winter seasonal average flow is noteworthy given the potential snowmelt contribution in many of the studied sites. Trends were mostly absent in stations draining the larger basins. However, some spatial patterns were seen in the observed trend directions, specifically, a downward trend in the Karnali-Mahakali River basin and an upward trend in the West Rapti River basin, as well as a nationwide absence of trend in the post-monsoon season.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Gautam, M.R. and Acharya, K., 2011. Streamflow trends in Nepal. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (2), 344–357.     

Climate-driven trends in mean and high flows from a network of reference stations in Ireland

Abstract

This paper introduces a reference hydrometric network for Ireland and examines the derived flow archive for evidence of climate-driven trends in mean and high river flows. The Mann-Kendall and Theil-Sen tests are applied to eight hydroclimatic indicators for fixed and variable (start and end date) records. Spatial coherence and similarities of trends with rainfall suggest they are climate driven; however, large temporal variability makes it difficult to discern widely-expected anthropogenic climate change signals at this point in time. Trends in summer mean flows and recent winter means are at odds with those expected for anthropogenic climate change. High-flow indicators show strong and persistent positive trends, are less affected by variability and may provide earlier climate change signals than mean flows. The results highlight the caution required in using fixed periods of record for trend analysis, recognizing the trade-off between record length, network density and geographic coverage.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor H. Lins

Citation Murphy, C., Harrigan, S., Hall, J., and Wilby, R.L., 2013. Climate-driven trends in mean and high flows from a network of reference stations in Ireland. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (4), 755–772.     

The nature of rainfall in the main drainage sub-basins of Uganda

Abstract

A study of rainfall trends and temporal variations within seven sub-basins of Uganda spanning from 1940 to 2009 has been made. Rainfall climatologies are constructed from observational data, using 36 station records which reflect hydroclimatic conditions. Long-term changes in rainfall characteristics were determined by non-parametric tests (Mann-Kendall and Sen’s T tests), coefficient of variation (CV), precipitation concentration index and drought severity index. Magnitude of change was estimated by applying Sen’s estimator of slope. Decadal variability of rainfall with marked seasonal cycles is evident. Temporal variability of drought patterns is detected. Variations in annual rainfall are low with no significant trends observed in the main drainage sub-basins. Significant trends occur in October, November, December and January. A noticeable decrease in the annual total rainfall was observed mostly in northwestern and southwestern sub-basins. Rainfall trend in the second normal of June–July–August (JJA) was decreasing in all the main drainage sub-basins.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor S. Yue

Citation Nsubuga, F.W.N., Botai, O.J., Olwoch, J.M., Rautenbach, C.J.deW., Bevis, Y., and Adetunji, A.O., 2014. The nature of rainfall in the main drainage sub-basins of Uganda. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (2), 278–299.