华北背景地区大气能见度变化特征及影响因素分析

基于1980~2014年上甸子国家级地面气象台站人工观测的大气水平能见度数据和大气成分站资料,采用Mann-Kendall趋势分析及突变检验法对大气能见度进行分析,并结合气象和污染要素进行相关性检验,以了解华北背景地区大气能见度的变化趋势及其影响因素。结果表明:上甸子地区年均能见度呈下降趋势,能见度最大和最小变率出现在夏季和春季,分别为3.4 km（10 a）-1和1.7 km（10 a）-1;冬季能见度（38.1 km）最高,秋季（36.2 km）次之,春季（32.8 km）和夏季（31.4 km）较低;突变分析表明上甸子地区的年均能见度未出现明显突变。能见度受各类气象因子的综合影响。根据Person相关和偏相关的统计结果,能见度与相对湿度和风速均呈明显负相关;与气压呈明显的正相关;而与气温的相关系数时正时负,表明气温对能见度的影响具有两面性。能见度下降的主要原因为大气污染,能见度随着大气细颗粒物增加呈幂指数降低（决定系数R2=0.98,显著性水平p < 0.01）;能见度为10 km时对应的细颗粒物（PM2.5）的边界浓度为74 μg/m3;在现行的国家环境空气质量标准二级标准（75μg/m3）下,可以使华北背景地区保持较高的大气能见度（≥ 10 km）。     

青海省近50年极端降水事件时空分布特征

基于线性倾向估计、小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验及空间插值等方法,对1962—2013年28个均匀分布在青海省内的气象站点数据近50 a(1962—2013年)极端降水事件的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明,在长期趋势上青海省极端降水事件呈上升趋势,其强度与频数变化分别具有28 a和15 a±的主周期,并且少数站点在20世纪90年代发生突变;青海省内的极端降水事件在空间上存在明显差异,整体呈自西向东逐渐增强的特征,极端降水事件在南部地区发生频率总体高于北部地区,东南部发生极端降水的频率最高;近50 a青海省内大部分地区极端降水事件的强度与频数均呈上升趋势,其中东北部地区极端降水事件的强度上升趋势较为明显,仅有东南端与西北端呈现下降趋势,极端降水事件频数的上升趋势由东南端及西北端分别向中部加强。     

近50年上海地区日照时数的变化特征及影响因素

基于上海地区11个气象站1960—2009年的日照时数、云量、水汽压、降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验等气候统计诊断方法,分析了上海地区日照时数年际、季节的变化特征以及空间分布特征,并对影响日照时数的气候因子进行了分析。结果表明,1960—2009年期间,上海地区日照时数呈显著减少的趋势,其中夏季、秋季和冬季的日照时数显著减少,春季日照时数变化不显著。1980年是上海日照时数减少突变的时间点,是日照时数由正距平占优势转为负距平占优势的转折点。空间上,整个上海日照时数在过去50年均呈减少趋势,并且由北向南减少趋势逐渐减弱。上海年日照时数与降水量和降水日数呈显著负相关,年日照时数的减少与年降水量的增加有关。上海各季日照时数与云量、水汽压和降水基本都呈显著的负相关,夏季日照时数减少主要是由降水量的增加造成的,冬季日照时数的减少与水汽压和降水量的增加有关。     

丽水市1953—2010年气温变化对四季长度的影响

根据丽水市国家气象观测站1953-2010年逐日气温资料,按照国家季节划分标准对四季长度进行划分,运用趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验和滑动t检验对四季长度和气温变化的趋势演变、突变转折进行研究,从而探讨气温变化对四季长度的影响。结果表明：丽水市四季长度表现为夏季最长,冬季次之,春季和秋季相接近,秋季略短。四季长度的变化趋势为春、秋季长度延长缓慢,夏季变长明显,冬季长度缩短显著。近58 a丽水市气温呈明显的上升趋势,气候倾斜率为0.17℃/10a。气温变化对四季长度有较大的影响,尤其以冬季最为显著。突变检验表明,气温上升与冬季长度缩短的突变时间都在20世纪90年代中期;相关性检验显示气温与冬季长度的负相关最明显,通过α=0.01的显著性检验。     

Long-term trend analysis using discrete wavelet components of annual precipitations measurements in Marmara region (Turkey)

The purpose of this study is to determine the possible trends in annual total precipitation series by using the non-parametric methods such as the wavelet analysis and Mann-Kendall test. The wavelet trend (W-T) analysis is for the first time presented in this study. Using discrete wavelet components of measurement series, we aimed to find which periodicities are mainly responsible for trend of the measurement series. We found that some periodic events clearly affect the trend of precipitation series. 16-yearly periodic component is the effective component on Bal?kesir annual precipitation data and is responsible for producing a real trend founded on the data. Also, global wavelet spectra and continuous wavelet transform were used for analysis to precipitation time series in order to clarify time-scale characteristics of the measured series. The effects of regional differences on W-T analysis are checked by using records of measurement stations located in different climatic areas. The data set spans from 1929 to 1993 and includes precipitation records from meteorological stations of Turkey. The trend analysis on DW components of the precipitation time series (W-T model) clearly explains the trend structure of data.     

近40年来珠江流域降水量的时空演变特征

为阐明珠江流域降水量的时空演变特征,利用中国气象局1961～2000年80个观测站的逐月降水资料,采用克里格插值法(Kriging)对珠江流域各月降水量进行插值,并用Mann-Kendall法分析降水序列的变化趋势及其突变分量。结果表明：①40年来,流域总降水量呈微弱的增加趋势,增加率为5．5mm/10a,且具有明显的11年主周期振荡,但不存在突变现象：在空间上表现为东半部以增加为主,西南部以减少为主。②从降水变化趋势的季节来看,春、夏、冬三季降水都呈不显著增加趋势,而秋季降水则呈不显著下降趋势。③汛期(4～9月)降水量呈不显著减少趋势,主汛期(5～7月)与非汛期(10～翌年3月)则呈不显著增加趋势。④从月降水量变化来看,1、2、3、7四个月份是增加明显的月份,其余各月都呈不显著减少趋势。这种变化加剧了降水年内分布的不平衡,即枯水期8～12月份降水更少,而雨水较多的7月降水增加较多,增加了流域洪涝和干旱灾害发生的几率。     

拉萨河流域近50 年来径流变化趋势分析

以拉萨水文站以上流域为研究区, 基于拉萨水文站和唐加水文站的水文实测数据和当雄 县等3 个气象站的气候观测数据, 统计分析了1956~2003 年研究区径流的年内、年际变化, 利用 Mann- Kendall 趋势分析法和Pettitt 变点检验法分析了拉萨河流域径流的变化特征, 采用多元回 归方法分析了气候因素( 气温、降水) 对径流变化的影响。结果表明: ( 1) 研究时段内, 径流年际变 化波动较大, 在1970 年前后径流发生了较大的突变, 呈现出明显的增加趋势, 尤以近20 年来的 趋势最大; 月均径流的年际变化中, 有增加趋势的主要分布在冬半年( 11～4 月) 和夏半年的个别 月份( 5、7、9 月) ; ( 2) 流域内气候变化趋势与径流变化趋势基本一致, 但不同月/年均径流受不同 气候因素影响, 主要表现在年平均尺度上受降水影响较大, 在月平均尺度上, 夏半年径流增加趋 势受降水增加影响较大, 而冬半年径流变化则主要与气温有较显著相关性, 其主要原因可能是全 球变暖导致冰川融水增加。     

Potential control of climatic changes on flood events in the Yangtze Deltaduring 1100-2002

Wide collection on the historic records of the climatic changes and flood events is performed in the Yangtze Delta. Man-Kendall (MK) method is applied to explore the changing trends of the time series of the flood discharge and the maximum high summer temperature. The research results indicate that the flood magnitudes increased during the transition from the medieval warm interval into the early Little Ice Age. Fluctuating climate changes of the Little Ice Age characterized by arid climate events followed by the humid and cold climate conditions give rise to the frequent flood hazards. Low-lying terrain made the study region prone to the flood hazards, storm tide and typhoon. MK analysis reveals that the jumping point of the time series of the flood discharge changes occurred in the mid-1960s, that of the maximum summer temperature changes in the mid-1990s, and the exact jump point in 1993. The flood discharge changes are on negative trend before the 1990s, they are on positive tendency after the 1990s; the maximum high summer temperature changes are on negative trend before the 1990s and on positive tendency after the 1990s. These results indicate that the trend of flood discharge matches that of the maximum high summer temperature in the Yangtze Delta. The occurrence probability of the maximum high summer temperature will be increasing under the climatic warming scenario and which will in turn increase the occurrence probability of the flood events. More active solar action epochs and the higher sea surface temperature index (SST index) of the south Pacific Ocean area lying between 4oN-4oS and 150oW-90oW correspond to increased annual precipitation, flood discharge and occurrence frequency of floods in the Yangtze Delta. This is partly because the intensified solar activities and the higher SST index give rise to accelerated hydrological circulation from ocean surface to the continent, resulting in increased precipitation on the continent.     

THE DETECTION OF CLIMATE ABRUPT CHANGE WITH MANN-KENDALL RANK STATISTICS

The characteristics of Mann-Kendall Rank Statistics and its applications in detecting abrupt change of climatehave been described.At the same time,a new method is put forward to detect the abrupt change in variance.     

Assessment of drought trend and variability in India using wavelet transform

ABSTRACT

This paper presents an analysis of trends in six drought variables at 566 stations across India over the period 1901–2002. Six drought variables were computed using standardized precipitation index (SPI). The Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test and Sen’s slope estimator were used for trend analysis of drought variables. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was used to identify the dominant periodic components in trends, whereas the significance of periodic components was examined using continuous wavelet transform (CWT) based global wavelet spectrum (GWS). Our results show an increasing trend in droughts in eastern, northeastern and extreme southern regions, and a decreasing trend in the northern and southern regions of the country. The periodic component influencing the trend was 2–4 years in south, 4–8 years in west, east and northeast, 8–64 years in central parts and 32–128 years in the north; however, most of the periodic components were not statistically significant.