马氏珠母贝肠道及其养殖水体可培养细菌群落结构

【目的】了解马氏珠母贝(Pinctada fucata martensii)肠道及其养殖水体可培养细菌的群落组成。【方法】采用2216E平板涂布法研究海区养殖马氏珠母贝肠道与养殖水体的可培养菌群种类及丰度。【结果与结论】马氏珠母贝肠道及其养殖水体的可培养细菌归属于2门(变形菌门和厚壁菌门)3纲7目10科23属56种。属水平上,肠道中以弧菌属(74.7%)和假交替单胞菌属(18.7%)为主;养殖水体中α-变形菌纲的FJ943236_g属(40.7%)丰度最大,弧菌属(16.7%)相对肠道丰度较低。样品共有菌属为弧菌属、假交替单胞菌属、发光杆菌属和芽孢杆菌属;肠道特有菌属为希瓦氏菌属和盐单胞菌属;养殖水体特有菌属主要为FJ943236_g、鲁杰氏菌属和Nautella。在种水平上,7个种为二者共有;马氏珠母贝肠道和养殖水体特异性菌种分别为18个和31个。虽然门水平上马氏珠母贝肠道中可培养细菌群落与其养殖水体中的细菌群落大致相似,但在属、种水平上二者差异明显。     

长牡蛎外套膜组织着色区和无色区的微生物多样性比较分析

典型的开管式软体动物长牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）具有开闭壳的行为习惯,易使大量海水成分进入体内。因此,海水中的微生物极易附着于长牡蛎的软体部表面。本研究利用16S rRNA对长牡蛎外套膜着色区和无色区以及其生活区域海水进行了微生物多样性比较分析。结果显示：长牡蛎外套膜表面的微生物多样性与丰富度均高于海水。在门水平上,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为长牡蛎外套膜着色区与无色区的共同优势菌类,而海水中优势菌类为拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）。在属水平上,主要发现了弧菌（Vibrio）、假交替单孢菌（Pseudoalteromonas）和海洋单胞菌（Marinomonas）在内的28个菌属。此外,线性判别分析（Linear discriminant analysis effect size,LeFSe）显示,外套膜着色区与无色区的微生物标志物存在差异。着色区的主要标志物为螺旋体科未分类属（norank＿f＿Spirochaetaceae）,而无色区的主要标志物为弧菌（Vibrio）。综上,长牡蛎外套膜组织表面与海水之间的微生物组成存在较大差异。尽管外套膜着色...     

Isolation and diversity analysis of heterotrophic bacteria associated with sea anemones

A study was undertaken to investigate the heterotrophic bacterial flora associated with the sea anemones. Samples of the sea anemones Anthopleura midori were collected from the coast of Weihai and bacteria were isolated from these samples. Additionally, high numbers of viable bacteria were obtained from the celom wall and surface of anemone, the community of cultivable bacteria was very diverse. As a result of this isolation, 60 strains were obtained, 56 of them were selected for identification and characterization by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and limited phenotypic testing. Among these isolates, 16 strains were phylogenetically related to members of the genus Pseudoalteromonas and neighboring taxa. Other isolates included members of the genera Colwellia, Vibrio, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Endozoicomonas, Roseovarius, Paracoccus, Loktanella, Leisingera, Sulfitobacter, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Plantibacter, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Joostella, Psychroserpens, Cellulophaga, Krokinobacter, Polaribacter and Psychrobacter. Seven potential novel species were found. Among 60 strains, 17 of them can produce proteolytic exoenzyme, 20 can produce lipolytic exoenzyme. Strain NQ8 has strong antagonistic effects on some Vibrio strains. This study demonstrates that the culturable fraction of bacteria from the sea anemones Anthopleura midori is diverse and appears to possess much potential as a source for the discovery of novel bioactive materials.     

三亚天涯海角潮间带趋磁细菌特性

在三亚天涯海角潮间带沉积物中发现了一定量的海洋趋磁细菌,最大丰度可达100个/cm3。透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察发现该区域趋磁细菌绝大多数为趋磁球菌。磁小体形状单一,皆为棱柱形;磁小体排列方式多样,以链状排列为主,包括单链、双链,也有少数成簇排列。高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)与X-射线能谱仪(EDXS)结果表明,磁小体成分为Fe3O4。趋磁细菌的铁含量平均为2.05%(0.70%~7.53%)。通过16S r RNA基因文库的构建与测序,在78个阳性克隆中得到了16个趋磁细菌序列,分属9个OTU。系统发育分析结果表明,其中8个OTU属于α-变形菌纲,1个OTU属于γ-变形菌纲。在全部9个OTU中,有8个OTU与已知趋磁细菌序列的相似性低于97%,有5个OTU与已知趋磁细菌序列的相似性低于93%,说明该区域存在可观的趋磁细菌资源。     

基于MOD16的汉江流域地表蒸散发时空特征

基于MOD16遥感产品,在数据精度验证的基础上,运用GIS统计法、线性趋势法等研究了2000~2014年汉江流域蒸散发的年际和年内变化规律及不同土地覆被类型下的蒸散发特征。结果表明：① 2000~2014年,潜在蒸散发(PET)多年平均值为1 476 mm,呈东南向西北递减态势;实际蒸散发(ET)多年平均值约654 mm,ET呈东低西高,南高北低态势。不同土地覆被类型下年均PET和ET大小顺序相反。② PET年际变化率为13.63 mm/a,呈弱增加趋势;ET年际变化率为-2.3 mm/a,呈弱减少趋势,表明汉江流域水资源呈减少趋势。PET空间上呈东增西减趋势,ET呈东减西增趋势,东北部具有干旱化倾向。③ 年内PET和ET呈单峰型。PET在6月最大,ET在7月最大,二者均在12月最小。二者在4~6月差距最大,形成春旱。不同土地覆被类型下PET和ET呈单峰型,植被生长季节ET差距大,林地增长速度最快。④ PET和ET具有较强的季节性。ET季节性空间差异非常显著,在于林地的植被蒸腾作用对全年ET贡献较大。流域西部山地ET季际增加趋势明显而东部呈减少趋势,整体上冬季年际变化最明显,春季最弱。     

The effect of pulse profile evolution on pulsar dispersion measure

In an earlier paper, based on simultaneous multifrequency observations with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), we reported the variation of pulsar dispersion measures (DMs) with frequency. A few different explanations are possible for such frequency dependence, and a possible candidate is the effect of pulse shape evolution on the DM estimation technique. In this paper we describe extensive simulations we have done to investigate the effect of pulse profile evolution on pulsar DM estimates. We find that it is only for asymmetric pulse shapes that the DM estimate is significantly affected due to profile evolution with frequency. Using multifrequency data sets from our earlier observations, we have carried out systematic analyses of PSR B0329+54 and PSR B1642−03. Both these pulsars have central core-dominated emission which does not show significant asymmetric profile evolution with frequency. Even so, we find that the estimated DM shows significant variation with frequency for these pulsars. We also report results from new, simultaneous multifrequency observations of PSR B1133+16 carried out using the GMRT in phased array mode. This pulsar has an asymmetric pulse profile with significant evolution with frequency. We show that in such a case, amplitude of the observed DM variations can be attributed to profile evolution with frequency. We suggest that genuine DM variations with frequency could arise due to propagation effects through the interstellar medium and/or the pulsar magnetosphere.     

Colonization of Sulfurovum sp. on the gill surfaces of Alvinocaris longirostris, a deep-sea hydrothermal vent shrimp

Deep‐sea hydrothermal vents are unique light‐independent ecosystems that are sustained by chemosynthetic bacteria. For many of the invertebrates inhabiting in such environments, bacteria play essential roles in both energy acquisition and detoxification of potentially toxic gases such as H₂S. In this study, the bacterial flora present on the gills of Alvinocaris longirostris (Bresiliidae: Caridea), a shrimp inhabiting hydrothermal vents (1532 m depth) at the Hatoma Knoll of the Okinawa Trough, was investigated. Bacterial 16S rDNA fragments were successfully amplified from the gills and 70% of these fragments showed an identical pattern in the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. These fragments were assigned to the ribotype AL‐1. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that AL‐1 forms a monophyletic clade with Sulfurovum spp. (ε‐Proteobacteria). Fluorescence in situ hybridization for AL‐1 and electron microscopy showed the presence of short‐rod bacteria lining up on the cuticular layer of the surface of the gill filaments. These results suggest that bacterial association with gills also occurs in bresiliid shrimps.     

漠河盆地科学钻探井MK-1地下冷环境中嗜热微生物的多样性分析

在漠河盆地科学钻探井MK-1地下110m冷环境样品中发现大量嗜热微生物存在的证据,针对这些冷环境中的嗜热菌进行了克隆文库分析和分离培养,分别用细菌和古菌16SrDNA引物PCR扩增.结果表明:未发现古菌16SrDNA存在,而嗜热细菌与栖热菌属(Thermus),地芽孢杆菌属(Geoba-cillus)和厌氧芽孢杆菌属(Anoxybacillus)有较近的亲缘关系,通过分离培养分离出3种地芽孢杆菌属(Geobacillus)的细菌,其相似度均为100%.嗜热微生物多存在于地下温暖有机质丰富的生态系统中,了解它们的来源、分布机制及其多样性对于能源和资源的寻找在一定程度上具有指示意义.     

中国和越南青蟹线粒体16S rRNA基因序列分析

为确定我国青蟹的分类地位及其资源的合理利用与保护提供理论依据，对中国和越南青蟹的线粒体16S rRNA基因片段序列进行了测定，并同Genbank中其他青蟹的序列进行了比较，分析研究了青蟹种内和种间的遗传差异及其分类地位。结果显示：中、越青蟹个体间序列差异极小，与Genbank中Scylla paramamosain同源片段序列的相似性达到99％以上．而与其他3种青蟹的差异达3．91％～8．41％。所得序列与S．paramamosain，S．serrata，S．olivacea及s．tranquebarica的遗传距离分别为0．002，0．075，0．087，0．042，种间遗传距离远大于种内距离。序列特征、遗传距离和系统进化分析结果都表明本文研究的中国和越南青蟹均为S．paramamosain。     

伊朗晚元古代──早古生代古地磁研究

选择伊朗中部、南部及西北部地区的近２０条晚元古代－早古生代完整地层剖面,系统采集Ｓｏｌｔａｎｉｅｈ组、Ｂａｒｕｔ组、Ｚａｉｇｕｎ组、Ｌａｌｕｎ组及Ｍｉｌａ组古地磁样品９６０件．经测试和对比获得结论：Ｓｏｌｔａｎｉｅｈ组记录的地磁极性带为反向,Ｂａｒｕｔ组－Ｌａｌｕｎ组为正向,Ｍｉｌａ组又为反向．此成果完全可与国际地质科学联合会（ＩＵＯＳ）１９８９年建立的全球地层极性柱中相应时代的极性带对比．计算得出５个地层组的古地磁南极位置．古地磁研究表明,晚元古代－早古生代伊朗全境均属稳定地块,处于赤道南侧约１６°的低纬度区．此期间似无大幅度转动和纬度变化．