Variation and pattern in the responses of mammal faunas to Late Pleistocene climatic change in southeastern South Australia

We examined mammal occurrence and variability through the Late Pleistocene vertebrate fossil deposit of Grant Hall in Victoria Fossil Cave, Naracoorte, South Australia. To determine long‐term patterns of change, we compared the composition and relative abundance trends of the assemblage with a nearby Middle Pleistocene deposit in Cathedral Cave. Total species richness did not change through the Grant Hall sequence, dated from 93 ± 8 to 70 ± 5 ka. However, species relative abundances varied between ecologically divergent species, and in some cases between species that demonstrate similar environmental preferences. For some species this variation is comparable to that recorded in Cathedral Cave. Of those showing similar trends between the two deposits, the forest inhabitant, Pseudomys fumeus, recorded an 8.6% decline through Grant Hall, coincident with a 9.7% increase in the dry heath/mallee dweller Pseudomys apodemoides. These patterns indicate that climatic transition from relatively warm, moist to cooler, drier conditions impacted some species in similar ways through climatic cycles of the past. However, the majority of the fauna demonstrated complex responses that are individual and variable through time. Statistical tests of species trends from the Grant Hall assemblage caution that large fossil samples are required to validate patterns observed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Direct terrestrial-marine correlation demonstrates surprisingly late onset of the last interglacial in central Europe

An interdisciplinary study of a small sedimentary basin at Neumark Nord 2 (NN2), Germany, has yielded a high-resolution record of the palaeomagnetic Blake Event, which we are able to place at the early part of the last interglacial pollen sequence documented from the same section. We use this data to calculate the duration of this stratigraphically important event at 3400 ± 350 yr. More importantly, the Neumark Nord 2 data enables precise terrestrial-marine correlation for the Eemian stage in central Europe. This shows a remarkably large time lag of ca. 5000 yr between the MIS 5e ‘peak’ in the marine record and the start of the last interglacial in this region.     

Fe-ZSM-5分子筛催化降解染料废水的研究

传统的Fenton均相亚铁盐催化剂处理染料废水,具有难以避免的二次污染和亚铁离子流失问题。分子筛催化剂相比传统催化剂具有高效环保的特点,在催化氧化染料废水领域有着良好的前景。本文通过液相离子交换法制备了Fe-ZSM-5非均相分子筛催化剂,替代传统的亚铁盐催化剂,应用X射线衍射对制备的Fe-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂进行表征,表明随离子交换次数的增加,Fe-ZSM-5催化剂负载的铁量上升,且较好地保持了分子筛结构,有利于提高亚铁离子的催化能力。通过实验确定了Fe-ZSM-5催化剂催化反应的最佳温度、pH值、Fe-ZSM-5的用量、反应时间等工艺参数,比较了Fe-ZSM-5催化剂和传统Fenton均相催化剂降解染料废水的脱色率和废水中铁离子的残留量,结果表明Fe-ZSM-5的脱色率达到98.5%,相比于Fenton均相催化剂的脱色率提升约3%;两种催化剂的铁离子残留量差别显著,Fe-ZSM-5催化剂处理的废水中只产生微量的Fe离子,可以认为Fe-ZSM-5非均相分子筛催化剂有效地解决了催化剂损耗和二次污染问题。     

Stability at high-pressure,elastic behaviour and pressure-induced structural evolution of CsAlSi<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript>, a potential host for nuclear waste

The elastic and structural behaviour of the synthetic zeolite CsAlSi₅O₁₂ (a = 16.753(4), b = 13.797(3) and c = 5.0235(17) Å, space group Ama2, Z = 2) were investigated up to 8.5 GPa by in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction with a diamond anvil cell under hydrostatic conditions. No phase-transition occurs within the P-range investigated. Fitting the volume data with a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation-of-state gives: V ₀ = 1,155(4) ų, K _T0 = 20(1) GPa and K′ = 6.5(7). The “axial moduli” were calculated with a third-order “linearized” BM-EoS, substituting the cube of the individual lattice parameter (a ³, b ³, c ³) for the volume. The refined axial-EoS parameters are: a ₀ = 16.701(44) Å, K _T0a = 14(2) GPa (β_a = 0.024(3) GPa^?1), K′ _a = 6.2(8) for the a-axis; b ₀ = 13.778(20) Å, K _T0b = 21(3) GPa (β_b = 0.016(2) GPa^?1), K′ _b = 10(2) for the b-axis; c ₀ = 5.018(7) Å, K _T0c = 33(3) GPa (β_c = 0.010(1) GPa^?1), K′ _c = 3.2(8) for the c-axis (K _T0a:K _T0b:K _T0c = 1:1.50:2.36). The HP-crystal structure evolution was studied on the basis of several structural refinements at different pressures: 0.0001 GPa (with crystal in DAC without any pressure medium), 1.58(3), 1.75(4), 1.94(6), 3.25(4), 4.69(5), 7.36(6), 8.45(5) and 0.0001 GPa (after decompression). The main deformation mechanisms at high-pressure are basically driven by tetrahedral tilting, the tetrahedra behaving as rigid-units. A change in the compressional mechanisms was observed at P ≤ 2 GPa. The P-induced structural rearrangement up to 8.5 GPa is completely reversible. The high thermo-elastic stability of CsAlSi₅O_12, the immobility of Cs at HT/HP-conditions, the preservation of crystallinity at least up to 8.5 GPa and 1,000°C in elastic regime and the extremely low leaching rate of Cs from CsAlSi₅O₁₂ allow to consider this open-framework silicate as functional material potentially usable for fixation and deposition of Cs radioisotopes.     

近4万年渤海西岸海侵时古海面的现代标高对比研究*

近4万年以来,相应于两次高太阳辐射暖湿期渤海西岸曾经两次海水泛陆事件,即40~28kaB.P.与10~4kaB.P.海侵事件。文章基于众多钻孔海相层中有孔虫、介形类等海相微体生物化石的组合特征恢复海水深度,重建了海侵最大时的古海面的现代标高。结果显示: 40~28kaB.P.海侵,海面的现代标高最高可达-11~-5m;10~4kaB.P.海侵则为2~3m。后者同众多研究所认为的中全新世存在高海面,海面高度为2~3m的结论大致吻合,前者则与全球气候尚处在间冰阶,冰川部分消融,世界洋面处在-50m的大背景不协调。而辽东与山东半岛沿海众多钻孔揭示,40~28kaB.P.渤海地区并没有高于-50~-20m海面存在的证据。通过区域环境的综合分析,认为40~28kaB.P.渤海西岸的海侵,是早玉木冰期持续4~5万年之久的冰期低海面环境,这种特殊的环境使现代渤海西岸的大部分区域远离沉积环境,成为冲刷侵蚀区,这种效应叠加在冰期边缘海式构造下沉与弧后盆地性质的构造下沉背景之上造成区域性异常地面低洼;渤海西岸异常地面低洼在间冰阶全球趋暖,冰川型海侵的过程中形成的区域性强烈"视"海侵(指示当时海侵时海水深度很大,而不是海水的陆泛范围大)。     

采用小径密抗桩一条龙抢治滑坡的方法及效果

以往整治滑坡,较多地使用大口径挖孔桩或钻孔灌注抗滑桩,周期长、成本高。川地208队在治理重庆制药五厂已处于危急态势的滑坡中,采用“天平式”控制、勘治结合、快速抢险,用三排小径密抗桩(300mm口径)整治,取得明显成效。实践表明:浅层滑坡采用较小口径的密抗桩,并辅以排水,能达到事半功倍的效果。     

Primary cracking of kerogens. Experimenting and modelling C1, C2–C5, C6–C15 and C15+ classes of hydrocarbons formed

Mathematical models of hydrocarbon formation can be used to simulate the natural evolution of different types of organic matter and to make an overall calculation of the amounts of oil and/or gas produced during this evolution. However, such models do not provide any information on the composition of the hydrocarbons formed or on how they evolve during catagenesis.From the kinetic standpoint, the composition of the hydrocarbons formed can be considered to result from the effect of “primary cracking” reactions having a direct effect on kerogen during its evolution as well as from the effect of “secondary cracking” acting on the hydrocarbons formed.This report gives experimental results concerning the “primary cracking” of Types II and III kerogens and their modelling. For this, the hydrocarbons produced have been grouped into four classes (C₁, C₂–C₅, C₆–C₁₅ and C₁₅₊). Experimental data corresponding to these different classes were obtained by the pyrolysis of kerogens with temperature programming of 4°C/min with continuous analysis, during heating, of the amount of hydrocarbons corresponding to each of these classes.The kinetic parameters of the model were optimized on the basis of the results obtained. This model represents the first step in the creation of a more sophisticated mathematical model to be capable of simulating the formation of different hydrocarbon classes during the thermal history of sediments. The second step being the adjustment of the kinetic parameters of “secondary cracking”.     

基于机载和星载高光谱遥感的武夷山成矿带蚀变矿物信息识别研究

武夷山成矿带是中国东部中生代火山岩区重要的金铜多金属成矿带之一。为进一步对武夷山成矿带的岩矿蚀变信息进行识别与对比研究,该文利用机载航空高光谱SASI短波红外数据和星载高分五号(GF-5)高光谱数据,在充分分析不同蚀变矿物的实测波谱典型吸收特征和矿化蚀变信息识别提取方法的基础上,基于迪开石、高岭石、石膏、铁绿泥石、铁镁绿泥石、镁绿泥石等6种蚀变矿物的实测光谱特征,应用光谱角填图法(Spectral Angle Mapper,SAM)对闽中永泰—德化—尤溪矿集区的两类高光谱影像的蚀变矿物信息进行自动匹配识别和信息提取。研究表明:1 两类高光谱数据都能较好地提取出上述6种典型蚀变矿物的分布范围,且结合地质资料能够推测出火山机构,暗示了较好的找矿前景;2 通过对提取的蚀变矿物信息的效果和特征进行对比研究,并经野外实测岩矿样品的光谱验证,SASI数据提取的蚀变矿物信息与实际验证点吻合更多;3 通过对比分析,发现应用高空间分辨率SASI数据的蚀变矿物信息提取结果较空间分辨率较低的GF-5数据更加稠密和精确,与空间分辨率越低,像素光谱混合越明显、地物精细区分程度也相对较差的常规认识相吻合。由于该研究中光谱验证点相对较少,且矿物种类有限,同时原始空间分辨率不同等因素,评价结果还需作进一步验证。     

Circulation characteristics of a monsoon depression during BOBMEX-99 using high-resolution analysis

The skill and efficiency of a numerical model mostly varies with the quality of initial values, accuracy on parameterization of physical processes and horizontal and vertical resolution of the model. Commonly used low-resolution reanalyses are hardly able to capture the prominent features associated with organized convective processes in a monsoon depression. The objective is to prepare improved high-resolution analysis by the use of MM5 modelling system developed by the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR). It requires the objective comparison of high and low-resolution analysis datasets in assessing the specific convective features of a monsoon depression. For this purpose, reanalysis datasets of NCAR/NCEP (National Center for Atmospheric Research/National Centers for Environmental Prediction) at a horizontal resolution of 2.5‡ (latitude/longitude) have been used as first guess in the objective analysis scheme. The additional asynoptic datasets obtained during BOBMEX-99 are utilized within the assimilation process. Cloud Motion Wind (CMW) data of METEOSAT satellite and SSM/I surface wind data are included for the improvement of derived analysis. The multiquadric (MQD) interpolation technique is selected and applied for meteorological objective analysis at a horizontal resolution of 30 km. After a successful inclusion of additional data, the resulting reanalysis is able to produce the structure of convective organization as well as prominent synoptic features associated with monsoon depression. Comparison and error verifications have been done with the help of available upper-air station data. The objective verification reveals the efficiency of the analysis scheme.     

汶川地震诱发大型滑坡分布规律研究

2008年5 12汶川地震由于其超常的地震动力,触发了数百处大型滑坡灾害。本文以遥感解译所获取的汶川地震区112处面积大于50000m2大型滑坡的基本信息为基础,结合代表性大型滑坡实例的现场调绘,对汶川地震诱发大型滑坡的发育分布规律进行了较系统的研究。结果表明,汶川地震大型滑坡分布除表现出与汶川地震诱发区域性地质灾害类似的分布规律之外,因主要源于发震断层瞬间大幅度错动的直接地震动力引发的大型滑坡,其发育分布及滑动、运动方式还表现出自身的特点,具体可归结为以下几种效应: (1)距离效应:约80%的大型滑坡集中分布于发震断裂地表破裂带两侧5km的范围内,距离越远,滑坡分布数量越少; (2)锁固段效应:汶川地震诱发的大型滑坡主要集中分布在与发震断裂的交叉、错列、转换部位及NE段末端等5个集中区段。其中,红白-茶坪段是大型滑坡最为集中发育段,不仅滑坡数量多,而且规模大,汶川地震诱发的最大两处滑坡均分布于此段。其次为断裂NE段末端的南坝-东河口段,该段大型滑坡密集发育,东河口滑坡和窝前滑坡等大型滑坡均出露于此段; (3)上下盘效应:绝大多数(70%)大型滑坡都位于活动断裂的上盘,存在明显的上下盘效应; (4)方向效应:在与发震断裂带近于垂直的沟谷斜坡中,在地震波传播的背坡面一侧的滑坡发育密度明显大于迎坡面一侧,存在背坡面效应。同时,大型滑坡的滑动及运动方向还与各区段断层的错动方向有一定的相关性。在断层活动以右旋走滑为主的青川境内,有相当数量的滑坡表现出向NE方向滑动和运动的特点。