乡村生产空间系统演化的逻辑认知及数理表达

乡村生产空间系统健康有序运行是实施乡村振兴、营建人与自然和谐共生的物质基础和载体,精准控制系统由低级有序向高级有序发展是关键。综合社会学、哲学、系统学和地理学等多学科理论,建构乡村生产空间系统演化的逻辑认知概念模型,对其演化的逻辑起点(人地关系)、逻辑顺序(时间、空间和流三维分析)以及流驱动机理进行质性研究,探寻乡村生产空间系统演化的内在本质;借鉴耗散结构理论和熵变理论,构建乡村生产空间系统演化熵变模型并作出相关释义,为研究人地关系系统演化提供思路,以丰富和拓展乡村地理学的理论。     

Deposition of trace substances via cloud interception on a coniferous forest at Kleiner Feldberg

A resistance model to calculate the deposition of cloud droplets on a coniferous forest and some improved parameterizations of the indispensable input parameters are described. The deposition model is adapted to the coniferous forest at the Kleiner Feldberg site and verified by the data of a drip water monitoring station below the forest canopy. The measurements of liqud water content, wind speed and trace substance compounds in cloud water of the Ground-based Cloud Experiment (GCE) at Kleiner Feldberg in 1990 are used to calculate the cloud water deposition fluxes and the deposition of trace substances via cloud water interception. The calculated deposition of trace substances via cloud water interceptions is three to six times higher than via rain during the experiment. On a long term data basis the yearly amount of cloud water deposition is 180 mm year^–1 at Kleiner Feldberg site (840 m a.s.l.) while the precipitation amount is 1030 mm year^–1. Due to higher trace substance concentrations in cloud water compared to rain the ionic deposition via cloud water interception and via precipitation were assessed to be of comparable magnitude.     

幕阜山矿集区黄柏山锂铌钽矿床地质特征及找矿方向

江南造山带中段幕阜山稀有金属矿集区是我国东部重要的锂铌钽资源基地, 区域锂资源主要集中于锂辉石伟晶岩中。但此类伟晶岩常受到岩浆出溶热液的叠加作用, 导致锂不同程度的流失, 因此新鲜锂辉石伟晶岩的产出条件与精准定位, 成为区域成矿理论研究与锂资源勘查的突破重点。笔者研究团队近年来在幕阜山地区新发现的黄柏山锂铌钽矿床, 产出了区域少有的大规模新鲜锂辉石伟晶岩脉。本次研究在黄柏山矿床已开展的化探、探槽、钻探等勘查工作基础上, 系统总结了矿床的地质条件, 精确厘定其成矿时代, 初步建立了仁里-黄柏山矿田成矿模型, 并进一步指出区域找矿方向。黄柏山矿床位于幕阜山岩体西南缘, 矿床内伟晶岩总体沿片岩片理产出, 其类型主要为(白云母)钠长石伟晶岩和锂辉石钠长石伟晶岩, 稀有金属矿化组合为Be-Nb-Ta-Li, 稀有金属矿物主要为绿柱石、铌钽铁矿和锂辉石。矿床内锂辉石多为新鲜无蚀变(＞96%), 少数晶体边缘具弱蚀变或锂辉石+石英蠕虫状共生结构, 为岩浆演化晚阶段流体出溶导致的弱酸性交代所致。三种类型锂辉石的Li2O为7.72%~7.82%, 基本未发生锂的流失, 这与区域构造交汇导致容矿空间封闭性弱, 岩浆演化出溶热液第一时间运移扩散有关。黄柏山矿床稀有金属成矿作用发生在早白垩世(133.0±1.5Ma), 与幕阜山矿集区二云母花岗岩成矿阶段时限(135.8~133.0Ma)一致。本次工作通过对仁里-黄柏山矿田伟晶岩地表类型分带的重新厘定, 结合区域已有的成矿母岩及伟晶岩垂向分带研究成果, 提出黄柏山矿床、仁里矿床、深部成矿母岩三者从西至东呈现出由高至低的三维空间分布特征, 初步建立矿田"体中体"模型。该模型及稀有金属成矿作用特点显示, 矿田西南部冷家溪群与幕阜山岩体接触带区域, 尤其是高地形地区, 仍具有锂找矿潜力。     

Elasticity soltion of rupture model of shallow earthquake

Based on the theory of elastic mechanics, and using the typical rupture model of shallow earthquake, the authors considered the shallow earthquake as a plane mechanical problem, which was constructed the corresponding mechanical model. By the stress components' formulas of the semi-infinite model acted by the finite even shearing force, the main stress is deduced. It is clear that the sector on the right of the center section is squeezed zone, where the maximum principal stress points at the "source of stress", and that on the left is tensile zone, where the minimum principal stress points to the "source of stress".     

未来气候情景下气候变化响应过程研究综述

气候变化将会对生态系统、自然资源、极端气候和人类社会产生一定的影响,科学评估未来气候变化响应是应对气候变化的前提。通过对当前研究成果的回顾,建立未来气候情景下气候变化响应研究的系统思路,并总结了研究所涉及的方法。系统论述了应用第5阶段耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)气候模式前进行适用性评价的必要性;分析了当前降尺度方法尤其是统计降尺度的主要方法及进展;归纳了偏差校正过程中普遍使用的方法,最后,综合分析了整个研究过程中的不确定性。研究将为气候变化响应分析提供方法和思路指导。     

Scaling of response spectrum and duration for aftershocks

Aftershocks have the potential to cause collapse of a structure that has been already damaged by the preceding main shock. Seismic safety of a structure should therefore be ascertained through a damage analysis using the anticipated main shock and few larger-aftershock motions. Simulation of aftershock motions needs characterization of the seismic hazard due to aftershocks, and therefore it will be useful to develop a conditional scaling model that can predict the response spectrum of an anticipated aftershock motion consistent with the design spectrum of the main shock motion anticipated at the same station. In this study an attempt is made to develop a conditional scaling model for the pseudo spectral velocity spectrum via linear regression analysis on the aftershock and main shock recordings for the 1999 Chi–Chi earthquake. It is shown that it may be possible to obtain a simpler and approximate version of the conditional model from an unconditional model. Damage-causing potential of a ground motion also depends on its strong motion duration (SMD) and therefore a conditional scaling model is developed for SMD of the aftershock motion in several narrow frequency-bands. The model is developed for the larger-aftershock motions and it is shown that a reasonable replacement of such a model may be obtainable directly from an unconditional model. Finally, a simple weighted averaging scheme is proposed to obtain the composite SMD from the SMDs for different frequency bands by using the pseudo spectral acceleration spectrum of the motion.     

现代草地沙漠化中自然因素贡献率的确定方法

基于草地沙漠化发展过程中流沙面积变化模型和植被盖度变化模型,结合沙漠化监测资料,提出了一种定量确定自然因素在沙漠化中贡献率的方法,从而也可以间接地推算人为因素在沙漠化中的贡献率。以内蒙古奈曼旗现代草地沙漠化为例对模型进行了应用,效果良好,并发现人类活动停止后,如果随后不出现持续的干旱年份,沙漠化所造成的流沙一般经过4~5 a的时间就会自然消失,说明在计算时段内草地沙漠化中自然因素的贡献率为零。     

A hybrid discrete–finite element model for numerical simulation of geomaterials

A hybrid discrete–finite element model is introduced for simulation of mechanical behavior of geomaterials. The soil or rock is modeled as a system of discrete balls that interact through normal and shear springs. The balls can be bonded at the contact points to withstand the applied deviatoric stresses. The important feature of this model is that the confining walls that can be imagined for example as the surrounding membrane or the mold in a physical test are modeled by deformable finite elements. This allows simulation of laboratory test features more realistically compared to the situations where the surrounding walls are rigid. The relationships between micro- and macro-properties are investigated in this paper as well. These relationships and the corresponding curves are helpful tools in calibration of the numerical model for the macroscopic elastic properties.     

利用区域GPS网进行高海拔流动站的对流层延迟量内插

对流层延迟是全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）计算的主要误差之一,其模型精度对测站坐标解算有较大影响,在高程方向尤为明显。因此,有必要对不同的对流层延迟改正模型的适用性进行评估。采用SHA解算了中国陆态网GNSS跟踪站的对流层天顶延迟数据,对常用的对流层改正模型EGNOS/UNB3m/GPT/GPT2的天顶延迟量在中国不同区域、不同季节的适用性进行了分析。结果显示,4种模型的RMS均为4~5 cm,各模型RMS之差小于1 cm,其中GPT2模型的RMS最小;4种模型的平均偏差（BIAS）为1 cm左右,GPT2模型的BIAS最大,为1.5 cm;时间上,各个模型在夏季精度普遍较低,这是因为夏季水汽丰富,对流层湿延迟变化较大;空间上,各模型在东南沿海精度较低,因为东南沿海气候湿润,湿延迟变化较大;各模型精度对测站高程不敏感,精度在比较高的测站并无明显降低。通过对不同模型在中国区域的精度分析,验证该改正模型可以为中国区域用户的对流层模型的选择提供一定的参考。     

上海市三甲医院对周边地区住房价格的空间影响效应分析

选取上海市区7家三级甲等综合性医院,运用特征价格模型和多元回归分析方法,实证分析它们对周边住宅价格的空间影响效应。研究结果显示：① 总体上,相比其他环境区位因素,三甲医院对周边住宅价格的影响程度较小,而建筑面积、物业管理费、学区房、轨道交通、建筑楼高、至 CBD 的距离等因素的影响程度较大。② 三甲综合医院对周边住宅价格产生负面影响。在相同情况下,住宅离医院距离越近,则价格越低。住宅与医院的距离每缩短50 m,住宅价格平均下浮0.602%。③ 由于三甲综合医院区位各不相同,距离CBD远近不一,对住宅价格的影响也存在空间差异。一般来说,距离CBD越近,住宅价格受医院的负面影响也越小。