根据地性线绘制等高线的研究

根据地形特征点和地性线绘制等高线是测绘大比例尺地形图等高线的主要方法,本文在分析现有自动绘制等高线方法的基础上,提出了一种根据地性线及其拓扑关系直接求取和跟踪等高线的方法。针对利用各种传统曲线光滑算法所绘相邻等高线间常常出现不协调现象的缺点,首次提出并详细讨论了相邻等高线通过点间的抛物线双向加权平均光滑算法。大量实践表明,利用本文所提出的跟踪和光滑方法所绘等高线的光滑性和协调性是令人满意的。     

Identification of calanco,a badland landform in the northern Apennines,Italy

Calanco (plural, calanchi) is a term widely used in the northern Apennines, Italy, to define a type of badland formed in clayey bedrock. However, no precise geomorphological definition of calanco has been established and a variety of map symbols are used to indicate the presence of calanco landforms. With the aim of developing an improved approach to identifying calanchi, a group of experienced surveyors identified 24 catchments with calanco characteristics among 67 catchments located between Bologna and Faenza in the northern Apennines. The morphology of each catchment was classified using traditional quantitative geomorphic approaches including fieldwork, map interpretation, hypsometric curve construction and computation of the annual sediment yield. Consideration of the parameters produced by these approaches indicated that none was capable of representing the presence of calanchi unequivocally and the basins were grouped into five classes on the basis of number and type of calanco criteria that they met. A characteristic of calanchi that is evident on topographic maps is crenulation of the contour lines and in this study a new topographic parameter was developed to represent the degree of contour crenulation. This parameter, LO/LF, is defined as the ratio of the actual length of a contour line (LO) to the length of the same line smoothed by an algorithm based on a moving average (LF). Calculated values of LO/LF ranged from 1·05 to 1·38. To test whether high values of the contour crenulation parameter were associated with calanchi, LO/LF values were added to other criteria for the five classes of catchment. Class 1 catchments, consisting of 14 of the 24 calanchi catchments identified in the field, displayed all of the criteria defining calanchi, and were characterized by the highest values of LO/LF (mean value 1·27 ± 0·15). It is proposed, therefore, that the contour crenulation ratio (LO/LF) may be useful in identifying the calanco landform. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1992-2014年河北省流动重力资料整理

系统整理河北省1992-2014年流动重力资料,利用LGADJ数据处理软件,对每期重力数据进行单期平差、多期整体平差计算,改正历史遗留问题,利用差分结果绘制145幅流动重力等值线差分图,通过具体异常点位及重力变化分析,得出：①地震前重力场变化强度与震级大小存在相关性;②流动重力观测资料地震前具有较为明显的前兆异常反应;③地震均发生在重力变化的“0”等值线附近地区。     

基于Delaunay三角网的等高线骨架提取算法

根据等高线数据直接建立不规则三角形网络模型往往会在山顶、山底、山脊和山谷等特殊地区出现＂平三角形＂,导致模型失真。文中基于Delaunay三角网,通过对＂平三角形＂的处理,提取骨架线,并结合地形特征估计其高程值。实验证明该算法能够有效地提取各种地形骨架线,对于建立逼真的数字地面模型和进行数字地形分析具有重要应用价值。     

联合Delaunay三角网的等高线群综合研究

采用"联合Delaunay三角网"来提取成组等高线的弯曲,在弯曲处利用平三角形连接法进行局部地形结构线的连接,并建立起地形结构线的树状结构。运用方根模型确定谷地选取的数量指标,并提出了一种新的数学模型以确定谷地选取的质量指标,完成等高线群的自动综合。研究和实验表明,该方法充分顾及了地貌形态特征,谷地选取合理,概括程度适当,并完全避免了相邻等高线相交,综合效果较好。     

New technologies and systems for high quality citrus fruit production,labor-saving and orchard construction in mountain areas of Japan

Novel technologies have been necessary for improving fruit quality and productivity of citrus,labor-saving and orchard conservation on steep slope lands since aging of growers and decrease in the number of successors is remarkable in mountain areas of southwestern Japan. The purpose of this paper is to introduce new technologies for improving citrus production that have been developed in recent years. A new fruit quality control system using drip irrigation and liquid fertilization technique combined with year-round plastic mulching was developed, and it enables high quality and stable citrus fruit production. Water and/or nutrient solution is automatically supplied through drip tubes that are laid under the mulching sheets to give adequate water stress, so as to improve sugar and acid content of fruit. A new transportation system for steep sloping citrus orchards, which is a combination of the monorail system and contour narrow paths, was suggested. A small walking cultivator was developed to explain the procedure of narrow path excavation. After introducing the narrow path, working hours for fertilizer and chemicalherbicide application were reduced. Disasterpr evention mapping of citrus orchards on slope landswas developed based on computer-aided seepage estimation and topographic data. The mapping can show zones of both ascending flow and descendingflow of underground water during heavy rains incitrus orchards. The mapping is considered to be effective for the management of orchards andprevention of erosion on slope lands.     

The use of mycorrhiza for eco‐engineering measures in steep alpine environments: effects on soil aggregate formation and fine‐root development

Steep erosion‐prone and vegetation‐free slopes are widespread in alpine areas and are often discussed since they have a high socio‐economic damage potential. We present an eco‐engineering approach to test whether a mycorrhizal inoculum improves the establishment of hedge brush layers and in turn soil structural stability on a steep, coarse‐grained vegetation‐free slope in the eastern Swiss Alps. We established (i) mycorrhizal and (ii) non‐mycorrhizal treated eco‐engineered research plots on a field experimental scale, covering a total area of approximately 1000 m² on an east‐northeast (ENE) exposed slope, where many environmental parameters can be regarded as homogeneous. After a full vegetation period, we quantified soil aggregate stability, the formation of water stable aggregates and the fine‐root development. Our results illustrate that the establishment of brush layers without mycorrhizal inoculum increased aggregate stability significantly. Against our expectation and glasshouse experiments, the addition of mycorrhizal inoculum did not have a statistically significant effect after one vegetation period although it tended to increase aggregate stability. Analogously, root length density (RLD) tended to be higher at the non‐mycorrhizal treated site. Aggregate stability was significantly correlated with RLD. Studies on a bigger field experimental scale are inevitable, complement glasshouse studies and lead to a better understanding for a successful application of sustainable eco‐engineering measures in alpine environments. Based on our results and considering the fact that the response time in natural ecosystems may be slower than in laboratory approaches, we conclude that long‐term field studies are necessary to validate results gained through laboratory experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自动计算热带气旋位置和范围的方法研究

本文以卫星云图的热带气旋云系为研究对象,基于Canny边缘检测、contour轮廓提取等方法,研究了通过图像的形状特征和范围大小对热带气旋云系进行自动识别,得到了较好的效果。这种方法有助于提高热带气旋云系识别的自动化程度,实现热带气旋的自动跟踪,从而为热带气旋的预报提供了便利。     

基于模糊聚类分析的莱州湾南岸地下水化学分布特征研究

针对莱州湾南岸咸水入侵区地下水质连续、渐变和边界模糊的特征,利用规格化变换对莱州湾南岸地下水化学组分数据进行标准化,采用夹角余弦法作为相似系数,用平方法计算传递闭包构造模糊等价矩阵进行模糊聚类分析,将莱州湾南岸地下水划分为3类并绘制其平面分区图.在此基础上,用探索性数据分析技术的箱线图分别识别各类地下水各组分的分位数、中位数、极值等数据分布情况,并结合 Radial 图绘制各类地下水各组分均值;利用基于 CA 舒卡列夫分类方法的 Piper三线图识别了各类地下水的水化学类型;最后在相关分析基础上选取代表性指标绘制等值线图,结合模糊聚类分区探讨了分区各指标的空间结构特征及内在机理.综合上述分析,定义玉区为海水入侵重点治理区,域区为海水入侵综合防范与整治区,芋区为卤水区.     

离散点数据自动绘制等深线方法探究

提出用反距离插值法将多波束离散数据点插值成规则格网DEM数据,再根据海图生产规范自动绘制不等间距相对光滑的DEM。将自动绘制的等深线与一般软件生成的等深线、海底地形图成果等深线进行比较分析得出：文中方法绘制的等深线相比以前有较大改善且更符合地形,可作为人工绘制的参考线。