Factors Affecting the Variation of Glacier Surface Runoff-Coefficient in the Recent Years

The mass balance of Urumqi Glacier No.1 (Glacier No.1) was calculated by water balance method and direct measurement method respectively. Water balance method is a kind of calculating method, which studies about the relationship between storage, supply and consumption of water resource in a certain area in a certain period of time (Time for this research is a mass balance year).Mass balance calculated by this method and acquired by filed observation was compared and analyzed. Therefore we got their correlation and expected to apply it to other high latitude and altitude areas.Mass balance and glacial runoff data of Urumqi Glacier No.1 used in this research were acquired from Annual Report of Tianshan Glacier Station, and that started observing in 1959.The data used by this study is collected from 1982-2014. The data of runoff was measured by the hydrology station of Urumqi Glacier No.1 Glacier, which is located in the lower reaches of the glacier about 300 m, and catchment area is about 3.34 km².The data of precipitation and runoff was provided by Daxigou Meteorological Station located in the altitude of 3 539 m, which is distant from the terminus of Urumqi No.1 Glacier about 3 km.Through the comparison of these two kinds of methods, we found that: ①It is better to use water balance method to calculate the mass balance in long time series. The result of water balance method was 1% different from the result of direct measurement during 1982-2014, and the corresponding glacier runoff coefficients were 0.7 and 0.85, respectively. ②The results of water balance method during 1982-2005 had a high correlation with the direct measurements, and the error was relatively small. Besides that, the glacier runoff coefficient reflected the glacier runoff well. However, there were obvious differences between the two kinds of methods during 2005 2012 which showed that the glacier runoff coefficients changed a lot. According to analyzing the two periods of 2005 to 2008 with large error and 1996 to 1999 with small error, we found that the results of water balance method were generally higher than that of the direct measurement in summer. The analysis showed that the changes of water conditions and the corresponding in the glacier runoff coefficient were the main reasons for these differences.The data of precipitation and runoff in the study area was combined with the measured mass balance data, and their potentially internal relationship was found, which could be used to acquire the meteorological data easily and to deduce the mass balance data which is difficult to be acquired. This conclusion is helpful to extending the study area from a single glacier or basin to a large regional scale. Limited to the shortage of data, for the example, this study only discusses the single glacier, Urumqi Glacier No.1. Overall, this study shows that using the potential of water balance method can compute the data of glacier mass balance more accurate on long time scale.     

Characteristics,and similarities and differences of climate change in major high mountains in the world-comprehensive interpretation of IPCC AR6 WGI report and SROCC北大核心CSCD

IPCC SROCC和AR6对高山区气候变化的评估表明,近期全球山地增暖速率提高,1980年代以来亚洲高山区增暖速率明显高于全球平均和其他高山区同期水平。各山地增暖普遍具有海拔依赖性,但机制复杂且区域差异大,除落基山脉未来气温增幅随海拔降低外,其余山地均随海拔有不同程度的升高。全球山地年降水在过去几十年没有明显趋势;预计未来北半球许多山地年降水将增加5%~20%,但极端降水变化的区域和季节差异较大,其中青藏高原喜马拉雅山脉极端降水频次和强度都将增大。山地年最大雪水当量的减少在固-液态降水转化的海拔高度带更强,未来山地降雪和积雪变化不仅与排放情景有关,而且与海拔高度密切相关。2010—2019年全球山地冰川物质亏损较有观测记录以来的任何一个10年都多,亚洲高山区虽然冰川物质亏损速率较小,但每年亏损的冰量在全球四大高山区中仅次于安第斯山脉南段。预计山地冰川将持续退缩数十年或数百年,未来亚洲高山区冰川退缩对海平面上升的贡献将居全球四大高山区之首。山地多年冻土温度升高、厚度减薄,预计未来多年冻土将加速退化,即使在低温室气体排放情景下,21世纪末青藏高原多年冻土面积预计也将减少13.4%~27.7%。从评估的完整性和信度水平来看,山地观测和研究仍存在巨大差距。     

东昆仑山煤矿冰川雷达测厚及冰储量估算

基于2015年5月东昆仑山煤矿冰川冰厚测量资料,结合2015年Landsat8 OLI影像,利用Ordinary Kriging插值方法对冰川非测厚区进行插值计算,绘制了该冰川厚度等值线并对该冰川冰储量进行了估算。2015年煤矿冰川最大厚度为87 m,位于海拔4 952 m主流线附近,平均厚度为25.77 m,冰储量为0.0242 km³。利用煤矿冰川冰面地形图与冰厚度分布图,获得该冰川冰床地形图。结果显示,冰川上宽下窄沿山谷分布,冰床地形复杂,在冰厚较大区域,地形呈近“V”字分布,显示了冰斗冰川的形貌特征。     

唐古拉山冬克玛底冰川流域河水总溶解固体和悬移质的变化特征

通过2013年6-9月对唐古拉山冬克玛底冰川流域河水的逐日定时样品采集,并结合流域水文与气象资料,对径流的总溶解固体（TDS）和悬移质的变化特征进行分析。结果表明：2013年消融期的平均气温为3.7℃,消融期降水量为546 mm,7月和8月两个月径流量占消融期总径流量的63%。消融期逐日的TDS变化范围为31~140 mg·L^-1,平均值为60 mg·L^-1,TDS随径流变化显著,表现为消融强烈时（7-8月） TDS浓度较低,消融初期（6月）和末期（9月）时TDS浓度较高;径流中TDS与悬移质浓度（SSC）变化表现出相反变化趋势,即消融强烈时悬移质浓度较高,而消融初期与末期悬移质浓度较低,消融期平均悬移质浓度为122.8 mg·L^-1,流量-SSC时序关系表现为以顺时针滞后事件为主。2013年冬克玛底冰川流域消融期的化学侵蚀总量和物理侵蚀总量分别为2.214×10³ t和6.722×10³ t,化学侵蚀与物理侵蚀率的比值为0.33。     

音苏盖提冰川表面流速特征分析

跃动冰川的监测相对比较困难。本文采用Sentinel-1所携带的C波段合成孔径雷达特征匹配方法(Feature-Tracking)获得了喀喇昆仑北坡克勒青河谷音苏盖提冰川物质平衡年内比较详细的冰川表面流速。分析发现:选取的音苏盖提三条分支冰川中,南斯嘎姆里冰川(Skamri Glacier)流速整体大于其余两条,三条分支均存在快速运动区,斯嘎姆里冰川和北分支积累区流速突增,可能存在雪崩现象;两条南分支冰川整体流速夏季大于其他季节,而北分支冬季流速大于其他季节。虽然三条分支均存在快速运动区域,但是即使是流速最快的南斯嘎姆里冰川在物质平衡年内的运动速度也只有119 m·a-1,说明该物质平衡年内音苏盖提冰川并不处于跃动期。     

应用人工干预措施减缓冰川消融试验研究——以达古冰川为例

自20世纪90年代以来,受全球气候变暖的影响,中国冰川呈现全面、加速退缩的趋势。冰川变化引发的水资源时空分布和水循环过程的变化无疑将给中国西部,尤其是西北干旱区的社会经济发展带来深刻影响。为了减缓冰川消融速率,提高中国适应气候变暖的能力,开展了一系列人工减缓冰川消融试验研究。具体是在2020年8月5日—10月17日,以达古17号冰川为研究标靶,进行人工干预减缓冰川消融试验,即在冰川表面覆盖光热阻隔物——土工织物,并在试验期间,观测了试验区域与非试验区域的冰川消融情况。结果表明：试验期内,试验区的冰川消融速率为0.011 m w.e.?d^-1,非试验区冰川消融速率为0.017 m w.e.?d^-1,试验区冰川消融速率明显低于非试验区;500 m²的土工织物使达古冰川试验区域减少了204 m³ w.e.的冰川消融,使得总消融量减少了34%;覆盖光热阻隔物虽能有效减缓冰川消融过程,但受成本、环境及人力等因素制约,仅可以向西北部小冰川或冰川旅游景点推广。本次人工干预减缓冰川消融试验在一定程度上填补了中国应对冰川消融工程措施方面的空白,为以后进行工程类减缓冰川消融的试验奠定了基础,但是目前还处于初步研究阶段,需要更多的控制性试验来验证其在未来更大的时空尺度上的有效性。     

Meltwater storage and delaying characteristics of Gangotri Glacier (Indian Himalayas) during ablation season

Himalayan basins have considerable snow‐ and glacier‐covered areas, which are an important source of water, particularly during summer season. In the Himalayan region, in general, the glacier melt season is considered to be from May to October. Changes in hydrological characteristics of the runoff over the melt season can be understood by studying the variation in time to peak and time lag between melt generation and its emergence as runoff. In the present study, the runoff‐delaying characteristics of Gangotri Glacier, one of the largest glaciers in the Indian Himalayas, have been studied. For this purpose, hourly discharge and temperature data were collected near the snout of the glacier (4000 m) for three ablation seasons (2004–2006). The diurnal variations in discharge and temperature provided useful information on water storage and runoff characteristics of the glacier. In the early stages of the ablation period, poor drainage network and stronger storage characteristics of the glaciers due to the presence of seasonal snow cover resulted in a much delayed response of melt water, providing a higher time lag and time to peak as compared to the peak melt season. A comparison of runoff‐delaying parameters with the discharge ratio clearly indicated that changes in time lag and time to peak are inversely correlated with variations in discharge. Impact of such meltwater storage and delaying characteristics of glaciers on hydropower projects being planned/developed on glacier‐fed streams in India has been discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

祁连山七一冰川雪冰和冰川融水中正构烷烃和多环芳烃的分布特征及来源研究

2008年6月,在祁连山七一冰川采集雪坑、冰川融水和冰川末端冰样,经过大孔吸附树脂富集后,用GC-MS对样品中的正构烷烃(nC14～nC32)和多环芳烃进行了分析.结果表明,正构烷烃的含量在冰川融水中最高,雪坑次之,冰中最低;多环芳烃的含量在雪坑中最高,冰中最低,冰川融水界于二者之间.正构烷烃与多环芳烃都具有很强的疏水性,在固-液相分配过程中倾向于保留在残留固相中.由于冰川融水样品距冰川末端约1km,沿途地表土壤和植被会贡献部分正构烷烃,所以冰川融水中正构烷烃的含量最高.与正构烷烃不同,多环芳烃较易挥发,而且易被沿途土壤和植被所吸附,导致冰川融水中多环芳烃的含量降低.冰川末端冰中正构烷烃与多环芳烃的含量都很低,可能是由于冰川末端冰年代比较古老,受人类活动的污染较轻.正构烷烃的碳优势指数(CPI值)表明,七一冰川中的正构烷烃主要来自高等植物蜡和化石燃料燃烧产物的混合物,多环芳烃的荧蒽/芘(Fla/Pyr)和菲/蒽(Phe/Ant)比值表明,七一冰川冰雪和冰川融水中检测到的多环芳烃主要来自化石燃料的不完全燃烧.     

念青唐古拉山扎当冰川退缩前沿土壤性质与可培养细菌多样性变化

通过细菌的分离培养和土壤性质的测定,分析了念青唐古拉山扎当冰川退缩前沿土壤中可培养细菌的多样性和土壤性质的变化.结果表明:土壤中可培养细菌的数量为104~105CFU.g-1,可培养细菌隶属于α-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria、γ-Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes和Actinobacteria 5个类群.随冰川退缩年代不同土壤中细菌多样性有明显变化,土壤的C、N含量与距冰川前沿的距离之间呈正相关,即土壤暴露时间越长,C、N含量越高.结果说明,冰川退缩前沿的土壤中存在着丰富的细菌资源,细菌的组成发生着动态的变化,同时也影响着土壤的理化性质.