祁连山七一冰川消融期间的能量平衡特征

冰川表面的能量平衡可以描述冰雪消融与气候响应之间的物理机制,利用2006年6月9日至9月28日在祁连山七一冰川消融区中部自动气象站(AWS)的观测资料,对七一冰川表面的能量平衡进行了估算.结果显示:在冰川消融期,净辐射、湍流热通量和冰川消融耗热是能量平衡的主要组成部分,能量收入方面主要是净辐射和感热通量,分别约占总能量收入的82.4%和17.6%;而支出方面主要是冰雪消融耗热和潜热释放,分别约占总能量支出的87.2%和12.8%.2006年7月31日至8月6日进行了为期近7 d的冰面径流场观测,基于能量平衡原理,对冰川表面的消融进行了模拟,模拟的消融速率和实测的冰面消融数据吻合的较好.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川前沿冻土活动层古菌群落的垂直分布格局

采用免培养的PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)指纹、 克隆测序、 系统发育分析对天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川前沿高山草甸冻土活动层古菌群落的垂直分格局进行了研究.结果表明: 1号冰川前沿高山草甸冻土活动层存在一些优势种群, 在所有6个取样深度的土层中均有分布.但不同深度土层古菌群落结构存在明显的差异, 在浅表层检测到一些特异的序列, 系统发育分析表明: 它们分别隶属于广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)的盐杆菌纲(Halobacteria)和热原体纲(Thermoplasmata), 而在深层土样没有检测到. 1号冰川前沿高山草甸带冻土活动层古菌群落以奇古菌(Thaumarchaeota)类群占据绝对优势, 全部隶属于被称为group1.1b的谱系.其中, 一些序列与不可培养的Nitrososophaera氨氧化古菌序列亲缘关系较近, 可能预示着这些中温泉古菌在氨氧化过程中发挥着重要作用, 对其群落结构及生态学贡献还有待更深入研究.     

Second-Order Modelling of Turbulence in Katabatic Flows

A complete one-dimensional second-order closure model is used to simulate katabatic flows observed on glaciers and ice caps. The model is tested with two different closure assumptions for the viscous dissipation, one based on a prognostic equation for and the other on a diagnostic buoyant length scale. Both formulations give quite similar results. Model simulations are compared to observations made over sloping ice surfaces during periods dominated by katabatic flow. In general, good agreement is found for both mean wind and temperature profiles as well as eddy correlation measurements. It is also found that the turbulent transport terms play an important role in katabatic flows as opposed to the classical stable boundary layer where these terms are usually ignored. Even the turbulent transport of temperature variance, which leads to the well-known countergradient term in unstable boundary layers, is relatively important for modelling the observed temperature profiles. The effect of these terms on the flux-profile relationships, using observed and simulated profiles, is also discussed.     

大高加索山脉冰川反照率时空分布及与物质平衡的关系

利用MOD10A1和MYD10A1冰雪反照率数据, 分析了大高加索山脉地区加拉巴西冰川和德扬库特冰川的反照率时空分布特征, 并使用五种反照率聚合方法, 对这两条冰川2002—2019年夏季反照率与物质平衡关系开展相关性研究.结果表明, 加拉巴西冰川和德扬库特冰川反照率随年份增加而明显减小, 两条冰川在夏季都出现了最低反照率, 加拉巴西冰川在冬季出现最高反照率, 而德扬库特冰川则出现在春季; 加拉巴西冰川夏季高海拔和低海拔区域的反照率差异较德扬库特冰川更为明显; 两条冰川夏季反照率均与夏季物质平衡表现出一定的正相关性, 其中加拉巴西冰川的相关性更加显著, 使用平均最小反照率方法时两者相关系数最大可达0.874(p＜0.05), 德扬库特冰川使用加权平均反照率方法时两者相关系数最大为0.765(p＜0.05).德扬库特冰川反照率与物质平衡相关性较低的原因可能是坡向和低海拔导致了其更易受暖湿气流影响, 冰川消融中短波辐射能占比较低, 反照率对其消融的影响小.

     

利用黏弹性有限元模型研究挪威北海北部地区末次冰期以来的冰后回弹和应力演化

挪威北海北部在末次冰期存在较大范围的冰盖,其冰盖的加载和卸载会对地表变形和内部应力调整产生重要影响.本文基于Maxwell黏弹性本构关系,根据初应力法自主开发了一套Maxwell黏弹性体有限元程序,它可以考虑重力和构造加载、地球介质弹性的纵向和横向不均匀性以及黏性的分层性,可以计算冰川载荷变化引起的地球表面变形及内部应力状态的变化.利用它研究了挪威北海北部1.1 Ma以来的冰川载荷变化、特别是两万多年以来冰盖的消退引起的地表冰后回弹.结果表明,自2万年以来,冰后回弹效应在冰盖载荷变化的不同阶段呈现明显的时空变化,现今地表垂直变化速率为几个毫米/年,与观测结果一致.下地壳和上地幔的黏弹性松弛效应明显,上地壳的应力状态在现今海岸线两侧存在差异性,水平和垂直正应力变化可达几十兆帕,剪应力变化有一个先增加后迅速减小至零的过程,与古地震、现今地震时空分布及应力测量结果也比较符合,研究结果有助于加深对冰后回弹的动力学过程的认识.

     

青藏高原色林错流域区冰川消融对湖泊水量变化的影响

青藏高原大部分湖泊近年来持续扩张,湖泊水位和水量明显增加.冰川消融是流域水量平衡和水循环的重要影响因素,直接导致湖泊水量变化.由于缺乏大范围的冰川质量平衡观测结果,青藏高原冰川消融对湖泊水量变化的影响仍存在较大争议.本文选择青藏高原内流区的色林错流域区（水系编号5Z2）作为研究对象,利用SRTM DEM和TanDEM-X双站InSAR数据,精确估算该流域三个主要冰川区（普若岗日、格拉丹东和西念青唐古拉）2000-2012年的冰川质量平衡,依次为：-0.020±0.030、-0.128±0.049、-0.143±0.032 m·w.e.·a^-1.并据此采用面积加权法准确推估出5Z2流域的冰川质量变化为：-0.166±0.021 Gt·a^-1.综合ICESat和Cryosat-2卫星测高数据,计算该流域2003-2012年湖泊水量变化速率（3.006±0.202 Gt·a^-1）,并定量评估冰川质量变化对5Z2流域湖泊水量增加的贡献为：5.52%±1.07%,因此在青藏高原色林错流域区,冰川消融不是导致21世纪初期湖泊水位上升的主要因素.

     

Impacts of Yulong Mountain glacier on tourism in Lijiang

Introduction The mountain tourism has been repeatedly identified as potentially vulnerable to global climate change and has received greater research attention. Implications of climate change can be seen, for example, in less snow, receding glaciers, melt…     

高亚洲冰川系统物质平衡特征及其对全球变化响应研究进展与展望

分布在高亚洲的大量现代冰川,是亚洲中部干旱半干旱地区最重要的淡水资源.高亚洲各区因环境差异,各区冰川系统物质平衡及其对全球气候变化的响应就表现出不同特点,需进一步应用冰川系统理论和方法对高亚洲冰川系统进行合理分区,研究各分区冰川系统的结构特征、物质平衡特征及其对气候变化的响应过程.通过总结国内外高亚洲冰川系统研究的现状,找出了国内外研究的优势及不足;在此基础上,从高亚洲冰川系统的等级划分、气候地形背景、结构特征、物质平衡特征、对全球变化的响应以及冰川系统径流变化对冰川灾害及环境影响的评估等方面进行了研究展望.并认为需要根据各区气候、地理条件划分不同的次级冰川系统,然后分别对不同冰川系统的冰川变化进行预测,根据冰川变化趋势,制定最优利用冰川水资源方案和冰川灾害防范措施.     

Cyclic sedimentation produced by fluctuations in meltwater discharge, tides and marine productivity in an Alaskan fjord

Glacimarine sediment deposited in the fjord adjacent to Muir Glacier in south-eastern Alaska consists of rhythmically laminated muds, stratified sandy mud, sand and gravelly mud facies. Cyclicity is recorded by gravelly mud facies deposited during winter by ice-rafting, black mud laminae formed by spring plankton blooms and variations in tidal rhythmite thickness and texture produced by the interaction of meltwater discharges and tidal currents in the macrotidal fjord. Regular cyclicity in laminae thickness is tested statistically by Fourier transform and can be attributed to a lunar tidal cycle control in the five cores collected up to 6 km from the sediment source. Cores close to the source can have additional laminae as a result of discharge fluctuations, and distal cores may lack full cycles because of variability in the plume path and attenuation with distance. Cyclic variations in sediment texture are recorded in magnetic susceptibility (MS) profiles of the cores. High MS values are produced by turbidite sand beds or by stratified sandy mud deposited by overflow plumes during peak summer meltwater discharge. Low values reflect muddy intervals deposited during periods of low meltwater discharge, such as during autumn and winter. Sediment accumulation rates measured by ²¹⁰Pb dating range from 82 cm year^–1, 2 km from the sediment source at the head of the fjord, to 16 cm year^–1, 6 km away. These rates are within the same range as average sediment accumulation rates determined from cyclic seasonal markers within the cores. These data show that, with careful documentation, annual cycles of glacimarine sediment accumulation can be detected within marine cores. Cores collected from the distal portion of the basin were deposited during the transition of Muir Glacier from a tidewater terminus ending in deep water to a terrestrial glacier with an ice-contact delta deposited in front of the terminus. This transition is recorded by a coarsening-upward sedimentary sequence formed by turbidite sands originating from the prograding delta above fine-grained, laminated basin fill deposited by turbid overflow plumes.     

Effective Sample Size for Glacier Mass Balance

Correlograms from multiple time series of point mass balance, measured on White Glacier (Axel Heiberg Island, Canada) and Abramov Glacier (Alai Range, Kirgizia), show that the correlation decreases with the difference in elevation between the points. The correlogram is used to calculate an integral spatial scale or effective sample area which, when divided into the area of the glacier, yields an estimate of the number of degrees of freedom in a stake-based estimate of the whole-glacier balance. This number – the 'effective sample size'– is a small fraction of the number of point measurements; indeed, it is independent of the number of measurements. Estimates of average balance for elevation bands are at one remove from raw stake measurements, but they are amenable to a principal component analysis which confirms that the effective sample size is very small. The small effective sample size means that uncertainty in a typical measurement of whole-glacier mass balance cannot be much less than the large value implied by the conservative assumption that stakes are perfectly correlated. One way around this difficulty would be to increase the role of prior physical understanding by seeking to model the spatial variability of mass balance. A successful model would need only a few parameters, and would allow for the joint estimation of both magnitude and uncertainty; the uncertainty in mass balance could be derived objectively from the uncertainty in the parameters. This, however, would require good estimates of the variability of mass balance at the elevation-band scale, which might in turn require that many measurement networks be redesigned.