岷江上游“7·10”泥石流对公路的危害方式及成因

2013-07-10,岷江上游暴发大型群发性泥石流灾害,泥石流以淘刷、冲击、淤塞、压顶、磨蚀等方式对地震灾区公路直接造成严重破坏,其引发的溃决洪水、河床上升增大受灾范围,加重了灾害损失。分析了泥石流对道路工程的成灾方式:对桥梁工程破坏包括淤塞、淘蚀基础、冲毁等;对路面路基工程破坏包括淤埋、淘刷路基、冲毁等;对隧道工程破坏包括堵塞隧道洞口,破坏洞口墙体并引起衬砌支护结构破坏,损毁隧道内附属设施等;对明洞、棚洞工程破坏包括堵塞洞口、冲毁洞口结构,磨蚀洞顶,压顶并引起衬砌支护结构破坏,损毁排水、通风、电力附属设施等。分析了泥石流造成道路严重损失的原因,其中,公路工程选址不当、风险估计不足,桥涵过流净空不足,泥石流防灾措施不完善,泥石流的严重冲刷、冲击作用是主要原因。针对泥石流危害公路的特征和地震区泥石流防治中存在问题,提出了地震山区公路在灾后重建与道路规划中的减灾措施。     

泛长三角城市土地利用效益测度及时空格局演化

以泛长三角地区为研究区域,从经济、社会、生态3维度构建城市土地利用效益指标体系,运用改进熵值法测度1995-2013年城市土地利用效益值;并通过ESDA分析技术、耦合度及多元回归模型等方法对泛长三角城市土地利用效益时空格局演化及机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明:1)1995-2013年泛长三角城市土地利用效益整体上呈提升趋势,且效益"南高北低、东高西低"差异显著;2)相邻城市单元表现出较弱的空间集聚特征,效益热点区主要分布在苏锡沪和宁杭地区,向皖江、绍甬地区演化,而效益冷点区主要集中在皖北地区;城市土地利用效益系统的耦合度不高,处于拮抗阶段向磨合阶段演化,仅个别城市效益系统耦合较好,呈"点"状形态分布;3)泛长三角城市土地利用效益时空格局演化主要受城市化水平、经济发展程度及土地市场化3个主要驱动力综合作用及影响。     

A quantitative assessment on groundwater salinization in the Tarim River lower reaches, Northwest China

Based on monitored data from 840 samples, we assessed the spatial and temporal variability of groundwater salinization in the Tarim River lower reaches combining classical statistics and geostatistics. Results show that total dissolved solids （TDS） is significantly correlated with other related ions, such as Na＋, Mg2＋, Ca2-, C1- and K＋. TDS and underground water level have characteristics of spatial autocorrelation, both of which present the isotropic characteristic and con- form to the spherical model in each year from 2001-2009. TDS is basically greater than 1 g/L but less than 2 g/L in the Tarim River lower reaches, which indicates that salt stagnation pollution is more serious. The most serious salinization （3 g/L 〈 TDS _〈 35 g/L） contaminated area is mainly in the middle and lower part of the study area.     

Study on the extremely cold winter of 1670 over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The snow-cover days over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River （MLRYR） in the winter of 1670 were extracted from Chinese historical documents. By these records, the winter temperature anomalies （compared to the mean of 1961-1990） recorded at seven meteorological stations and the regional mean winter temperature were estimated. The results show that： （1） There was an average of about 30 snow-cover days over the MLRYR region in 1670, ranging from 11-20 days in Shanghai and eastern Zhejiang to 5140 days in eastern Hunan Province. The snow-cover days averaged about 40 days in Anqing and Nan- cheng, and ranged from 30 to 40 days in Quzhou, Jingdezhen, and Nanchang; and （2） the regional mean winter temperature in 1670 was estimated to be approximately 4.0 ℃ lower than that of 1961-1990. The maximum negative anomaly of 5.6℃ occurred in Nanchang and the minimum anomaly of-2.8 ℃ was detected in Quzhou. Both of these were lower than that of the coldest winter during the instrumental observation period of 1951-2010. This research could not only provide a method to es- timate historical climate extremes, but also provide a background to understand the recent instrumentally climate extremes.     

Spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth in 1950s–2007 over the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

Investigation on spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth （MSFD） over the Heihe River Basin is of great importance for systematic understanding of regional climate and environmental change, ecological-hydrological processes, water resources assessment, construction and resource development. Based on soil and air temperatures at the meteorological stations of the China Meteorological Administration （CMA） over the Heihe River Basin, MSFDs time series are structured into a composite time series over the 1960-2007 period. Evaluating the averaged MSFD time series for 1960 2007 reveals a statistically significant trend of 4.0 cm/decade or a net change of-19.2 cm for the 48-year period over the basin. The MSFD had significantly negative correlation with mean annual air temperature （MAAT）, winter air temperature, mean annual ground surface temperature （MAGST）, degree days of thawing for the air （DDTa） as well as for the surface （DDTs）, and degree days of freezing for the surface （DDFs）. While there was significantly positive correlation between DDF,. and MSFD time series, MSFD was deeper and changed greatly in the Heihe River source area. It was shallower in the east-central basin and gradually deepened in other sections of the basin. The MSFD distribution pattern in 2003-2005 is consistent with that of averaged degree days of freezing for air （DDFa） in 1960-2007. However, the maximum of MSFD may not be accurate, because there is no long term observation data in the deep seasonally frozen ground regions near the lower boundary of permafrost. With increasing elevation, averaged DDFa increased at a rate of 51.6 ℃-day/100m, therefore, the MSFG and the date reaching MSFG became deeper and later, respectively.     

黄河三角洲北部海域的冲淤演化与成因

利用8个典型的固定剖面资料,对坡度、水深、沉积物底质、单宽侵蚀量和淤积量进行了分析。研究表明:黄河改道后,CS5—CS8剖面的三角洲前缘和前三角洲的侵蚀较为剧烈,各剖面三角洲前缘侵蚀较为强烈;蚀淤泥沙在纵向上由三角洲前缘向前三角洲搬运,在横向上沿近岸向西北方向运移;近岸颗粒粗化较为显著,尤其是在废弃的流路入海口处。     

地下水灌溉回水对黄河流域化学风化CO_2消耗估算的影响

本文根据2012年6月和2013年5月采集的河南、宁夏和内蒙等引黄灌区地下水实测数据,并结合文献数据,探讨了引黄灌区地下水离子组成的分布特征。结果表明:因受蒸发作用和人为因素影响较小,深层地下水矿化度和HCO-3的浓度小于浅层水,但HCO-3占阴离子比例大于浅层水。因各灌区蒸发量、降雨量以及岩性的不同,浅层地下水化学组成和风化来源阳离子浓度在各灌区表现出较大的差异。HCO-3占阴离子的比例在河南灌区最高,内蒙灌区中部和宁夏灌区次之,内蒙灌区东西部最低。河南和内蒙灌区风化来源阳离子浓度相差不多,均大于宁夏灌区。灌区浅层地下水灌溉回水高估的黄河流域化学风化消耗CO2的量为23.3×108 mol/a。     

长江口及邻近海域浮游桡足类分类多样性研究

利用2003年6月和2006年6月在长江口及邻近海域进行的2次大面调查所采集的浮游桡足类网采样品,并结合前人的研究,综合整理了长江口及邻近海域的浮游桡足类种名录,分析了桡足类的种类组成,并采用分类多样性指数(Δ)、分类差异指数(Δ*)、平均分类差异指数(Δ+)和分类差异变异指数(Λ+)对长江口及邻近海域浮游桡足类的分类多样性进行了研究。结果表明:长江口及其邻近海域浮游桡足类有222种,隶属于4目,33科,70属;其中2003年夏季共记录到浮游桡足类72种,2006年夏季102种。根据长江口及邻近海域浮游桡足类总名录,计算了其平均分类差异指数(Δ+)和分类差异变异指数(Λ+)的理论平均值及95%置信漏斗曲线。其平均分类差异指数的理论平均值为84.9,高于2003年6月和2006年6月研究水域的平均分类差异指数的平均值。该研究可为长江口及其邻近海域浮游桡足类多样性动态研究提供基础资料,并为同类型水域的相关研究提供借鉴。     

自组织数据地图在大辽河河口水质分析中的应用

自组织数据地图(SOM,Self-organizing Map)具有强大的数据压缩和提炼功能,应用它可以对水质监测数据进行处理,找到水质分析的新方法。本文以大辽河河口水质监测数据为例,应用MATLAB中SOM工具箱,采用批处理SOM算法,利用MATLAB语言编写出水质分析程序。该程序通过SOM的训练对数据特征进行分析和显示,并进一步分析SOM训练结果,将监测数据分成4类,最后实现数据跟踪及新的监测数据的自动归类。该方法可以将水质监测数据的特征可视化,便于直观、深入地分析水质状况,为识别水质特征、跟踪水质变化和应对措施提供决策支持。     

Zooplankton community structure in relation to environmental factors and ecological assessment of water quality in the Harbin Section of the Songhua River

To study the relationship between zooplankton community structure and environmental factors and water quality in the Harbin Section of the Songhua River, investigations were carried out in June, August, and October 2011. Canonical correspondence analysis （CCA） and saprobic indices were used to process and analyze the data. Seasonal variability was identified as a significant source of variation, which explains the fluctuation in zooplankton density. In autumn, the dry season, water residence time increased and zooplankton biomass and abundance accumulated in the slow flowing waters. Zooplankton abundance increased when food conditions improved. Therefore, the total zooplankton abundance in autumn is much higher than that in spring and summer. According to the saprobic indices, all the sample sites had mesosaprobic water and water quality was worse in autumn. CCA revealed that temperature accounted for most of the spatial variation in the zooplankton community. Moreover, pH, dissolved oxygen saturation, and turbidity were important factors affecting zooplankton community distribution.