冀北郭家屯地区中生代火山岩年代学和地球化学特征研究

单颗粒锆石 U- Pb测年结果表明,冀北郭家屯地区中生代火山活动有两个时代:中-晚侏罗世(约 143～ 164 Ma)和早白垩世 (约 126 Ma).中-晚侏罗世火山岩以流纹岩和粗面质流纹岩为主,夹石英粗面岩,下部有少量安山岩;早白垩世火山岩以粗安岩和粗面岩为主,夹少量玄武质粗安岩和流纹质粗面岩.微量元素数据显示粗面质火山岩、正长斑岩具高 Al2O3(≥ 15% )、 Na2O/K2O > 1、高 Sr(≥ 400 μ g/g)、高 Sr/Y(≥ 20～ 40)和 La/Yb≥ 10;低的 MgO ( < 3% )、 Y(≤ 18 μ g/g)和 Yb(≤ 1.9 μ g/g);Mg#高( 38.47～ 57.78,平均 51.18);Eu异常不明显等特征,与 Adakite岩的地球化学特征有某些相似性.而流纹质火山岩具有 SiO2、 K2O、 Y、 Yb含量相对较高;Al2O3、 Sr、 Ba含量相对较低;轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素平坦、 Eu负异常明显等地球化学特征.两类岩石在时空上密切共生,具有一定的演化关系.地球化学总体特征显示本区火山岩具有弧岩浆作用的特征,如岩石系列高钾钙碱性属性、高场强元素( HFSE)和大离子亲石性元素 (LILE)解偶,微量元素的俯冲带特征(与 Adakite岩相似)等.研究表明本区中-晚侏罗世和早白垩世火山岩总体形成在地壳加厚、岩石圈拆沉、底侵作用发育的构造背景下,地幔脱气形成的 CO2- H2O流体在岩浆形成过程中起了很重要的作用.     

Last glacial megafaunal death assemblage and early human occupation at Lake Menindee, southeastern Australia

The Tedford subfossil locality at Lake Menindee preserves a diverse assemblage of marsupials, monotremes and placental rodents. Of the 38 mammal taxa recorded at the site, almost a third are of extinct megafauna. Some of the bones are articulated or semi-articulated and include almost complete skeletons, indicating that aeolian sediments rapidly buried the animals following death. New optical ages show the site dates to the early part of the last glacial (55,700 ± 1300 yr weighted mean age). This is close to the 51,200-39,800 yr Australia-wide extinction age for megafauna suggested by Roberts et al. [2001, Science 292:1888-1892], but like all previous researchers, we cannot conclusively determine whether humans were implicated in the deaths of the animals. Although an intrusive hearth at the site dating to 45,100 ± 1400 yr ago is the oldest evidence of human occupation of the Darling River, no artifacts were identified in situ within the sub-fossil-bearing unit. Non-anthropogenic causes, such as natural senescence or ecosystem stress due to climatic aridity, probably explain the mortality of the faunal assemblage at Lake Menindee.     

Pollution au plomb dans la Savoie antique (II–IIIe s. apr. J.-C.) en relation avec une installation métallurgique de la cité de Vienne

In Lake Anterne (NW French Alps), the Roman period is characterised by a lead contamination more important than that of the 1970s, due to the use of leaded gasoline. The maximum of this contamination period has been varve-dated 220 AD, i.e., during the optimum of Roman civilization in the Alps. Crossing palaeoenvironmental and archaeological evidences points out the economic importance of the town of Passy for the City of Vienne and yields a new example of lead contamination due to local metallurgical activity rather than distant impact of the exploitation of the Spanish Rio Tinto mine. To cite this article: F. Arnaud et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2005).     

A sedimentary facies model for glacial-age sediments in Baldwin Lake, Southern California

A combined sedimentological and high-resolution petrographic analysis was conducted on a glacial-age (20,000–65,000 cal yr BP) sediment core from Baldwin Lake, Southern California. The results of this research represent the most complete glacial-age, terrestrial climate record from Southern California to date. These results are used to characterize the different sediment types and to investigate the difference in depositional processes and environments between the core's three predominant sediment types: massive, semi-laminated, and laminated sediments. Massive sediments are commonly associated with a blocky texture and/or desiccation cracks, are organic-poor, have high magnetic susceptibility values, and are coarser-grained. Thin-sections from massive sediments reveal a homogenous sediment fabric. Sub-centimeter-scale laminated and centimeter-scale semi-laminated sediments are generally organic-rich, have low magnetic susceptibility values, and are finer grained. Thin-sections from laminated and semi-laminated sediments reveal diffuse sub-millimeter- to millimeter-scale laminae. This combination of sedimentological and high-resolution petrographic data enabled us to characterize four sediment facies, each related to specific depositional processes and environments: (1) a playa lake; (2) a perennial shallow lake; (3) an intermediate lake with variable lake level; and, (4) a perennial deep lake. At centennial-to millennial-timescales, lower lake levels are represented by deposition of massive to semi-laminated sediments in a playa to a perennial shallow lake environment. At similar timescales, higher lake levels are recorded by semi-laminated to laminated sediments deposited in an intermediate lake to a perennial deep lake environment. These results provide an additional sedimentological study for comparison to similar arid environment basins, and for comparison to existing regional paleoclimatic reconstructions.     

行播作物地面方向性测量的视场不确定性分析

行播作物以其独特的几何结构介于离散与连续植被之间。地面测量此类地物的双向反射系数(Bidirectional Reflectance Factor,BRF)特征,不可回避视场变化所引起的不确定性问题。在Kimes垄行结构模型中加入等效视场的概念,对视场进行分解,从而建立了一个行结构多角度地面测量的视场不确定性分析模型,为定量分析视场变化所引起的BRF测量误差提供了可能。利用该模型较为全面地模拟分析了视场变化对视场内四组分比例及冠层BRF的影响。结果表明:①BRF误差基本独立于植被—土壤光谱对比度。②误差与观测天顶角之间的关系复杂,前向观测表现得尤为明显。③垂直观测视场满1个垄周期后,四组分比例及冠层BRF的误差可保持较小且稳定的状态;满2个垄周期,误差达到局部最小值(局部指垂直视场含2.5个垄周期以下,不排除视场更大,误差更小的可能性)。④垂直视场若仅含0.5个垄周期,BRF误差最大值一般可高达67.8%,最小值亦可达38.7%;满1个垄周期后,BRF误差极大值降至20%以下,极小值可控制在6%以内。其中视场为1个整周期,误差范围为6%~12%;2个整周期,误差范围为0.6%~3.9%。⑤垂直视场大小为1~2...     

Investigation of vertical distribution and morphology of indigenous organic matter at Sleeping Bear site,Michigan

This study evaluates the nature and origin of particulate organic carbon and organic coatings on aquifer sands upgradient from a fuel spill site near the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in Michigan. The distribution of carbon was found to be highly complex due to the occurrence of high organic carbon horizons, bounded above and below by high carbonate sediments. The organic coatings on the sands were examined using white light and fluorescence microscopy and by scanning electron microscopy. Core samples were analyzed for organic and inorganic carbon, solution pH, humic/fulvic acid ratios, and insoluble organic matter content (that is, humin) as a function of depth from the ground surface. The organic geochemistry of the soil profile at this site was found to be significantly influenced by the carbonates producing a sharp boundary of precipitated organic matter. This boundary was followed by coatings of predominantly fulvic acid salts on mineral grains deeper in the soil column. The coatings extended into the aquifer. The existence of native organic films on sand grains is well documented in the soils literature. The study reported here was greatly aided by this information and provides the framework for future studies concerning the influence of carbon distribution, chemical identity, and morphology on contaminant fate and transport processes.     

Opportunities, constraints and pluriactivity in rural Romania during the transition period; preliminary observations

This paper presents some initial implications of the changes brought about by recent economic transformations within the Romanian rural sector during the current transition period. As a case study of those trends, within the context of pluriactivity and constraints to rural development, it looks at some characteristics of agricultural production in the Subcarpathian region of the county of Valcea, an area where collectivisation, and thus its influences, had been partial and limited. The paper links micro and macro view points. At the micro level, it looks at the coping strategies, based on pluriactivity, adopted by rural households under changing economic conditions. At the macro level, the paper discusses some of the possible factors supporting as well as hindering rural welfare levels and agricultural development under current economic conditions. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The role of glacio-isostasy in the formation of post-glacial river terraces in relation to the MIS 2 ice limit: evidence from northern England

In recent years it has been demonstrated that the formation of long-timescale river terrace sequences, which are generally found in areas beyond the extent of most if not all of the Middle and Late Pleistocene ice sheets, has invariably been a response to uplift during the Late Cenozoic and especially the Quaternary. Climatic fluctuation at a Milankovitch timescale has driven the alternations of aggradation and incision recorded in such terraces. It has been widely observed, however, that fluvial terraces also occur in areas glaciated during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which coincides with marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 2. This paper, in seeking to compare records from inside and outside of the LGM ice limit, concentrates on a single English river system, that of the Humber. The Humber estuary is shared by the largely Pennine-derived drainage of the Yorkshire Ouse, to the north and entirely within the MIS 2 glacial limit, and, to the south, the Trent, which is almost wholly outside the LGM limit. Thus the Trent has a terrace sequence extending back to the Middle Pleistocene, whereas in the component rivers of the Ouse system, records begin with the melting of the last glacial ice. Importantly, there is considerable difference in the disposition of the post-LGM fluvial deposits in these two subsystems. In the Ouse system there are modest terrace staircases, commencing with full glacial deposits that stand up to 30 m above the modern floodplain. In the Trent, in contrast, last glacial gravels form the foundation of the modern floodplain, with Holocene sediments emplaced directly above them. Thus there is little or no post-LGM incision in the Trent, whereas in the Ouse several incision events are recorded, continuing into the later stages of the Holocene. Wider comparison reveals that the Ouse system is an exemplar for other sequences within the MIS 2 limit, whereas systems beyond this glaciation typically have last glacial sediments beneath their modern floodplains and show little evidence of Holocene incision. The various possible explanations of these differences are discussed, with emphasis placed on glacio-isostatic uplift of areas glaciated during MIS 2 as the main reason for the significant post-glacial incision that typifies valleys in such regions. A new approach to modelling glacio-isostatic adjustment is outlined, from which it is concluded that lower-crustal flow plays a significant role in this process in regions of relatively hot and dynamic crust, like northern England, in addition to the mantle flow that is considered in conventional analyses of glacio-isostasy. Lower-crustal flow has a significant effect due to the combination of the small spatial scale of the glaciated region of northern England and the high mobility of the lower-crustal layer beneath it, due to the heating effect of the widespread Palaeozoic granite in the area.     

嫩江流域径流的可预报性及其时间尺度分析

本文在阐述径流过程主要影响因素和表现特征基础上,采用混沌理论,对于嫩江流域月径流过程系统进行了延滞时间、嵌入纬度、关联维数等计算,进而进行相空间重构,计算出其最大Lyapunov指数为0.13,说明该系统具有混沌特征.初步得出如下结论:①嫩江流域中长期径流预报的预见期为7～8个月;②"数据驱动模型"对于中长期径流预报更有其方法的适用性;③中长期径流预报计算时段应以月为单位.     

Découverte de structures périglaciaires (sand-wedges et composite-wedges) sur le site de stockage de déchets radioactifs de l'Aube (France)

Since 1990, a dense network of subvertical cracks has been observed at the upper part of the Albian sands of the site of radioactive waste storage operated by ANDRA. New studies carried out in 1999 during enlargement of the site of Soulaines and in 2003 on the nearby TFA site highlighted an especially well-developed network of periglacial features that are mainly of the sand-wedge type (subvertical stratified infill). These observations demonstrate the periglacial origin of these cracks, which are mainly superimposed on a dense network of former tectonic extension joints, and that rapidly disappear at the top of the underlying clays. In addition, these observations currently represent the only example of a large sand-wedge network developed during the Last Glacial in northern France. To cite this article: P. Antoine et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).