中国云南小江流域泥石流暴发与ENSO的关联性

选取典型泥石流发育区云南小江流域为研究对象,利用典型泥石流沟滇北小江流域蒋家沟的长期观测资料,分析了小江流域泥石流暴发与该流域邻近的沾益及会泽常规气象站夏季（6—8月）降水的关系,以及小江流域及其周边地区夏季降水与ENSO的关系。结果表明,蒋家沟泥石流暴发的次数与夏季降水量有显著的正相关关系,而夏季降水和前期的Nino3区海表温度（SST）呈显著的负相关;每年泥石流发生的次数与首场泥石流发生的早晚关系密切,而激发首场泥石流的降水量与冬春Nino3区SST呈负相关;泥石流暴发次数与大雨日数关系密切,而大雨日数与Nino3区SST具有较好的对应关系。这说明冬春季Nino3区SST对小江流域泥石流的暴发次数有显著的影响,形成了ENSO与小江流域及蒋家沟泥石流发生的关联性。分析结果亦表明,Nino3区1月SST与当年蒋家沟泥石流次数具有显著的负相关关系,El Ni?o位相年泥石流少发而La Ni?a位相年泥石流多发。Nino3区SST变化最少要超前泥石流暴发4个月,因而ENSO可以为云南北部泥石流的预测预报提供一种指标信息,从而有可能利用ENSO冬季信息来预测小江流域及其周边地区（滇北）当年夏季泥石流活动。     

Using large dynamite shots to image the structure of the Moho from deep seismic reflection experiment between the Sichuan basin and Qinling orogen

The Qinling orogen was formed as a result of the collision between the North and South China blocks. The Qinling orogen represents the location at which the southern and northern parts of the Chinese mainland collided, and it's also the intersection of the Central China orogen and the north-south tectonic belt. There is evidence of strong deformation in this orogen, and it has had a long and complex geological history. We investigated the structure of the Moho in the southern Qinling orogen using large dynamite shot imaging techniques. By integrating the analysis of the single-shot and the move-out corrections profile, we determined the structure of the Moho beneath the northern Dabashan thrust belt and the southern Qinling orogen, including the mantle suture beneath Fenghuang mountain. The Moho is divided into two parts by the mantle suture zone beneath Fenghuang mountain:(1) from Ziyang to Hanyin, the north-dipping Moho is at about45–55 km depth and the depth increases rapidly; and(2)from Hanyin to Ningshan, the south-dipping Moho is at about 40–45 km depth and shallows slowly. The mantle suture is located beneath Fenghuang mountain, and the Moho overlaps at this location: the shallower Moho is connected to the northern part of China, and the deeper Moho is connected to the southern part. This may indicate that the lithosphere in the Sichuan basin subducts to the Qinling block and that the subduction frontier reaches at least as far as Fenghuang mountain.     

An assessment of engineered log jam structures in response to a flood event in an upland gravel‐bed river

Engineered log jams (ELJs) are employed to address river restoration goals and a range of river management problems including coarse sediment movement. In the Bowmont Water, a dynamic wandering gravel‐bed river in the Scottish Borders, 33 previously untested ELJs primarily designed to capture and store coarse sediment, were installed on a trial basis. Using repeated topographical surveys and field observations, the performance of the ELJs in response to a 5–10 year recurrence interval flood that occurred on the 25 September 2012 was evaluated at two reaches with catchment areas of 28 km² and 57 km². Three of the structures were damaged due to scour of surrounding material that exposed the pile anchors and all the timbers of one structure were completely displaced downstream. Sixteen structures induced geomorphic responses and only four induced significant deposition (>0.3 m) above that which would occur naturally within the adjacent active gravel bar deposition zones. The placement in gravel bars, minor channel blockage ratio created by the structures and their porous nature limited the hydraulic interference and in turn geomorphic responses. Therefore the ELJ placement goal of increasing sediment storage was not fully met. This study contributes to the empirical evidence base for ELJ performance evaluation of different designs in a range of physiographic settings needed to validate performance and refine design. Using these initial findings and knowledge gained from other studies, recommendations for improving the design and placement strategy are proposed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of succession gaps on the understory water‐holding capacity in an over‐mature alpine forest at the upper reaches of the Yangtze River

The water‐holding capacity (WHC) of the understory in the headwater regions of major rivers plays an important role in both the capacity of the forest water reservoir and water quality and quantity in the butted rivers. Although forest gaps could regulate water‐holding patterns in the understory by redistributing coarse woody debris (CWD), fine woody debris (FWD), non‐woody debris (NWD) and understory vegetation, little information is available on the effects of forest gaps on understory WHC. Therefore, we investigated the WHCs of CWD, FWD, NWD, herbaceous vegetation, mosses, epiphytes (including fern and lichen growing on the surface of logs) and soils from the gap centre to the adjacent closed canopy in an alpine forest at the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The total WHC of the alpine forest understory components was approximately 300 mm. Soil layer had the largest contribution to the total understory WHC (90%), and among the aboveground components, CWD and mosses contributed 5% and 4% to the aboveground WHC, respectively. With the exception of that of the herbaceous layer, the WHC of the forest floor increased from the gap centre to the closed canopy. Although mosses had the lowest biomass allocation on the alpine forest floor, the water‐holding ratio (k) of mosses reached 485%. In conclusion, biomass is the parameter that most strongly and positively correlated with the WHC of the alpine forest understory, and forest gap formation decreases the understory WHC of alpine forest resulting from a decrease in organic soils, CWDs and mosses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Highlights

• The effects of gaps on the understory WHC were examined in an alpine forest.
• Gaps decreased the understory WHC by decreasing the amounts of the larger WHC components.
• The contribution of CWD and mosses to the aboveground WHC was large.
• The WHC of dead debris was higher than that of the vegetation.

     

基于独立信息数据波动赋权的泥石流危险度评价

针对经典泥石流危险度评价中以灰色关联度作为次要危险因子筛选依据的不足,采用复相关系数作为泥石流次要危险因子筛选的依据,从而建立了泥石流危险度评价的主要危险因子与次要危险因子组合的多因子体系。在此基础上,针对次要危险与主要危险因子之间存在显著相关性,同时为了体现次要危险因子对泥石流危险度的贡献作用,采用独立信息数据波动赋权法计算泥石流次要危险因子的权重,建立了泥石流危险度评价的计算公式。以此计算东川市12条泥石流沟的危险度评价结果,计算结果比经典方法更符合次要因子的补充地位,从而证明了该方法的合理性。     

鄂尔多斯西部地区中—晚奥陶世克里摩里期—乌拉力克期岩相古地理

中奥陶世克里摩里期,鄂尔多斯西部地区为镶边陆架的碳酸盐岩台地,自东向西依次发育开阔台地、台地边缘浅滩、台缘斜坡—斜坡脚、广海陆棚和深水海槽相带,从浅水区经由碎屑流搬运来的块状钙质角砾岩在台缘斜坡—斜坡脚相带集中堆积,形成厚度不等的透镜体夹于正常深水灰泥石灰岩和泥岩中。乌拉力克期发生较大规模构造运动,盆地东部整体抬升,西部边缘发生裂陷,沉积范围以同生正断层为界,随着海平面的上升沉积环境演变为相对闭塞的深水斜坡—盆地,沉积一套富含笔石的泥页岩地层,并不时有陆源克里摩里组垮塌的石灰岩沉积物被带入盆地,形成数量不等的多套角砾岩夹层。     

The coupling status of alluvial fans and debris cones: a review and synthesis

Alluvial fans and debris cones link two zones of the fluvial system (e.g. hillslope gully systems to stream channels; mountain catchment sediment source areas to main river systems or to sedimentary basins) and therefore have important coupling or buffering roles. These roles may be both functional and preservational. The functional role includes debris‐cone coupling, which controls sediment supply from hillslope gully systems to stream channels, influencing channel morphology. Coupling through larger alluvial fans, expressed by fanhead trenching, causes a distal shift in sedimentation zones, or when expressed by through‐fan trenching, causes complete sediment by‐pass. The preservational role stems from the fact that fans and cones are temporary sediment storage zones, and may preserve a record of source–area environmental change more sensitively than would sediments preserved further downsystem. Fan coupling mechanisms include distally‐induced coupling (basal scour, ‘toe cutting’, marginal incision) and proximally‐induced coupling (fanhead and midfan trenching). These mechanisms lead initially to partial coupling, either extending the immediate sediment source area to the stream system or shifting the focus of sedimentation distally. Complete coupling involves transmission of sediment from the feeder catchment through the fan environment into the downstream drainage or a sedimentary basin. The implications of coupling relate to downstream channel response, fan morphology, sedimentation patterns and vertical sedimentary sequences. Temporal and spatial scales of coupling are related, and with increasing scales the dominant controls shift from storm events to land cover to climatic and base‐level change and ultimately to the relationships between tectonics and accommodation space. Finally, future research challenges are identified. Modern dating techniques and sophisticated analysis of remotely sensed data can greatly improve our understanding of fan dynamics, and should lead to better cross‐scale integration between short‐term process‐based approaches and long‐term sedimentological applications, while maintaining high quality field‐based observations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Historic range of variability in geomorphic processes as a context for restoration: Rocky Mountain National Park,Colorado, USA

Evaluation of historic range of variability (HRV) is an effective tool for determining baseline conditions and providing context to researchers and land managers seeking to understand and enhance ecological function. Incorporating HRV into restoration planning acknowledges the dynamic quality of landscapes by allowing variability and disturbance at reasonable levels and permitting riverine landscapes to adapt to the physical processes of their watersheds. HRV analysis therefore represents a practical (though under‐utilized) method for quantifying process‐based restoration goals. We investigated HRV of aggradational processes in the subalpine Lulu City wetland in Rocky Mountain National Park to understand the impacts of two centuries of altered land use and to guide restoration planning following a human‐caused debris flow in 2003 that deposited up to 1 m of sand and gravel in the wetland. Historic aerial photograph interpretation, ground penetrating radar surveys, and trenching, coring, and radiocarbon dating of valley‐bottom sediments were used to map sediment deposits, quantify aggradation rates, and identify processes (in‐channel and overbank fluvial deposition, direct hillslope input, beaver pond filling, peat accumulation) creating alluvial fill within the wetland. Results indicate (i) the Lulu City wetland has been aggrading for several millennia, (ii) the aggradation rate of the past one to two centuries is approximately six times higher than long‐term pre‐settlement averages, (iii) during geomorphically active periods, short‐term aggradation rates during the pre‐settlement period were probably much higher than the long‐term average rate, and (iv) the processes of aggradation during the last two centuries are the same as historic processes of aggradation. Understanding the HRV of aggradation rates and processes can constrain management and restoration scenarios by quantifying the range of disturbance from which a landscape can recover without active restoration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Glacier retreat and landform production on an overdeepened glacier foreland: the debris‐charged glacial landsystem at Kvíárjökull,Iceland

Glacier recession and landform development in a debris‐charged glacial landsystem characterized by an overdeepening is quantified using digital photogrammetry, digital elevation model (DEM) construction and mapping of the Icelandic glacier Kvíárjökull for the period 1945–2003. Melting of ice‐cores is recorded by surface lowering rates of 0·8 m yr^–1 (1945–1964), 0·3 m yr^–1 (1964–1980), 0·015 m yr^–1 (1980–1998) and 0·044 m yr^–1 (1998–2003). The distribution/preservation of pushed and stacked ice‐cored moraine complexes are determined by the location of the long‐term glacial drainage network in combination with retreat from the overdeepening, into which glacifluvial sediment is being directed and where debris‐rich ice masses are being reworked and replaced by esker networks produced in englacial meltwater pathways that bypassed the overdeepening and connected to outwash fans prograding over the snout. Recent accelerated retreat of Kvíárjökull, potentially due to increased mass balance sensitivity, has made the snout highly unstable, especially now that the overdeepening is being uncovered and the snout flooded by an expanding pro‐glacial, and partially supraglacial, lake. This case study indicates that thick sequences of debris‐charged basal ice/controlled moraine have a very low preservation potential but ice‐cored moraine complexes can develop into hummocky moraine belts in de‐glaciated terrains because they are related to the process of incremental stagnation, which at Kvíárjökull has involved periodic switches from transport‐dominant to ablation‐dominant conditions. Glacier recession is therefore recorded temporally and spatially by two suites of landforms relating to two phases of landform production which are likely typical for glaciers occupying overdeepenings: an early phase of active, temperate recession recorded by push moraines and lateral moraines and unconfined pro‐glacial meltwater drainage; and a later phase of incremental stagnation and pitted outwash head development initiated by the increasing topographic constraints of the latero‐frontal moraine arc and the increasing importance of the overdeepening as a depo‐centre. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of Water Quality in the Elbe River at Flood Water Conditions Based on Cluster Analysis,Principle Components Analysis,and Source Apportionment

An assessment of water quality measurements during a spring flood in the Elbe River is presented. Daily samples were taken at a site in the middle Elbe, which is part of the network of the International Commission for the Protection of the Elbe River (IKSE/MKOL). Cluster analysis (CA), principal components analysis (PCA), and source apportionment (APCS apportioning) were used to assess the flood‐dependent matter transport. As a result, three main components could be extracted as important to the matter transport in the Elbe River basin during flood events: (i) re‐suspended contaminated sediments, which led to temporarily increased concentrations of suspended matter and of most of the investigated heavy metals; (ii) water discharge related concentrations of pedogenic dissolved organic matter (DOM) as well as preliminary diluted concentrations of uranium and chloride, parameters with stable pollution background in the river basin; and (iii) abandoned mines, i.e., their dewatering systems, with particular influence on nickel, manganese, and zinc concentrations.