永定河流域石景山段湿地景观规划设计研究

通过系统地对永定河流域石景山段的基础资料调研,科学分析了该区段的环境现状与整体景观不协调,以及部分区段存在污染和现有自然山水资源利用不足等主要景观问题,并提出了相应的解决措施,如平整河道、优化区域内生态结构、治理污染,完善湿地生态景观等。制定了"一轴二带三线四区五类型多节点"的景观规划方案,分析指出永定河湿地景观的发展方向。     

海南东寨港红树林景观变化与原因分析

以TM遥感卫星影像为数据源,借助GIS和RS技术获得海南东寨港红树林3个时期红树林分布图;进一步运用景观指数定量分析红树林在不同时期的变化特征。结果表明,近20年来,东寨港红树林各景观指数均有明显变化。其中,表征面积变化特征的景观相似性指数(LSI)和平均斑块面积(APA)有明显的下降趋势;而表征破碎化程度的单位周长斑块数(NPUP)和边界密度(PERD)呈上升趋势;形状指标(SI)也有下降趋势。说明东寨港的红树林在过去的20年,经历了衰减和破碎化过程;从不同角度,进一步分析了变化产生的主要驱动因子。     

Geomorphometry and fractal dimension of a riverine badland in Maharashtra

One of the most serious limitations in studying the surface morphometry of a badland landscape is the nonavailability of a very fine resolution data which is essential for such types of studies. Local relief of most of the badlands in India and also from other parts of the world exhibit limited relief amplitude, often within a few meters. The paper reports a case study carried out in a riverine badland formed along the Western Deccan Trap Region. An attempt has been made in the present paper to extract the morphometric variables of the landscape from the DEMs derived from a high resolution field generated data, because the accuracy of the DEM derived values are dependent on the pixel resolution of the DEM from which they are generated. The size of the pixel resolution should be fixed differently for different landscapes depending on the landscape process in the area. The local relief of the area is around 10 m and for such types of landscapes the topographical maps and also the web-available DEMs are of very coarse resolutions which are not suitable for the analysis. Therefore two well defined tributary catchments were chosen from the area under investigation and theodolite surveys were carried out, contours were generated with 10 cm interval, DEMs were derived by using Arc GIS software. SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) 90 m resolution data were utilized to generate DEM for the whole basin. Hypsometric and the drainage basin parameters were extracted from these data by using the same software. Fractal dimension of the whole basin and the sample basins were also obtained for the same data. The morphometric data generated were used to understand the geomorphic processes operating in the area.     

塔里木胡杨自然保护区湿地景观季相分析

湿地景观变化是区域生态环境的一个重要指示器,其扩张和萎缩对区域生态环境将产生重要影响。为了准确评估新疆塔里木胡杨国家自然保护区湿地景观在枯水季与丰水季的变化规律,研究采用遥感手段,通过分析同一年份枯水期与丰水期二期遥感数据,对保护区湿地景观格局进行分析。研究得出:(1)保护区湿地面积约为13×104hm2,沼泽湿地是研究区湿地的主要类型,约占湿地总面积的74%,河流湿地与人工湿地占比约为13%。(2)丰水期与枯水期相比,湿地各类型面积(除人工湿地外)均呈现增加趋势。河流湿地变动最为剧烈,其中永久性河流变动幅度最大,达84. 37%;沼泽湿地面积变化幅度较小,人工湿地面积基本没有变化。造成湿地面积年内变动主要是由于塔里木河中游来水量季节分配不均,洪、枯悬殊以及农业用水时段的差异造成的。(3)丰水期与枯水期相比,共有7 791. 25 hm2发生了类型转化,其中其它类型转化为湿地占50. 55%,草本沼泽面积发生转化占26. 24%。季节性或间歇性河流变动最为激烈,有94. 2%的面积发生转化。研究得到了保护区湿地景观格局在同一年内不同时间和空间上的变化,揭示了湿地景观季相变化动因,为保护区湿地保护政策的提出提供科学依据。     

Landscape disequilibrium on 1000–10,000 year scales Marsyandi River, Nepal, central Himalaya

In an actively deforming orogen, maintenance of a topographic steady state requires that hillslope erosion, river incision, and rock uplift rates are balanced over timescales of 10⁵–10⁷ years. Over shorter times, <10⁵ years, hillslope erosion and bedrock river incision rates fluctuate with changes in climate. On 10⁴-year timescales, the Marsyandi River in the central Nepal Himalaya has oscillated between bedrock incision and valley alluviation in response to changes in monsoon intensity and sediment flux. Stratigraphy and ¹⁴C ages of fill terrace deposits reveal a major alluviation, coincident with a monsoonal maximum, ca. 50–35 ky BP. Cosmogenic ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al exposure ages define an alluviation and reincision event ca. 9–6 ky BP, also at a time of strong South Asian monsoons. The terrace deposits that line the Lesser Himalayan channel are largely composed of debris flows which originate in the Greater Himalayan rocks up to 40 km away. The terrace sequences contain many cubic kilometers of sediment, but probably represent only 2–8% of the sediments which flushed through the Marsyandi during the accumulation period. At 10⁴-year timescales, maximum bedrock incision rates are 7 mm/year in the Greater Himalaya and 1.5 mm/year in the Lesser Himalayan Mahabarat Range. We propose a model in which river channel erosion is temporally out-of-phase with hillslope erosion. Increased monsoonal precipitation causes an increase in hillslope-derived sediment that overwhelms the transport capacity of the river. The resulting aggradation protects the bedrock channel from erosion, allowing the river gradient to steepen as rock uplift continues. When the alluvium is later removed and the bedrock channel re-exposed, bedrock incision rates probably accelerate beyond the long-term mean as the river gradient adjusts downward toward a more “equilibrium” profile. Efforts to document dynamic equilibrium in active orogens require quantification of rates over time intervals significantly exceeding the scale of these millennial fluctuations in rate.     

Slope aspect, slope length and slope inclination controls of shallow soils vegetated by sclerophyllous heath—links to long-term landscape evolution

On upland Triassic sandstone slopes of the western Blue Mountains, nonswamp, sclerophyllous heath (shrub-dominated vegetation) on shallow soils is commonly found downslope and adjacent to sclerophyllous forest on deeper soils. Some consider heath—and thus shallow soils—as favouring west-facing slopes, which are expected to experience drier microclimates due to insolation, strong and desiccating winds, and severe summer fires. However, our analysis of extensive areas with heath on shallow soils, based on vegetation and topographic maps, and fieldwork of uplands with various degrees of dissection, suggests that aspect is a poor predictor of shallow soils. Rather, shallow soils and heath are found on short slopes and the lower segments of longer slopes with the latter significantly steeper than forested segments.The shallow–deep soil boundary, marked by contrasting modern vegetation structures, does not signify a catchment area threshold, and correspondingly, the vegetation patterns are not in balance with distributary catchment processes, as short slopes are mantled exclusively by shallow soils. Instead, the soil depth boundary represents the propagation of base-level lowering signals, which takes place not only by the headward retreat of knickpoints but also via increased lowering of slope segments adjacent to drainage lines. This leads to steep slopes immediately adjacent to canyons, narrow gorges, and small steep valleys, that are mantled by shallow, discontinuous soils undergoing rapid erosion. These steep slopes persist in the landscape for ≥ 10 My after upland stream rejuvenation until incision of more weatherable Permian sediments, underlying the Triassic cliff-forming sandstones, triggers rapid lateral expansion of gorges. Once shallowly mantled and steeper slopes adjacent to streams are consumed by gorge widening, slopes adjacent to wide gorge clifflines reflect former upland drainage patterns rather than the redirected flow to rapidly widening gorges. Hence, modern vegetation patterns reflect a significant phase of landform development, perhaps combined with enhanced erosion during the Last Glacial Period that is compounded by a humped soil production function on bedrock.     

A comparative study of nutrient transfer via surface runoff from two small agricultural catchments in north China

A field study was conducted to determine the effect of landscape spatial pattern and micro-topography on nutrient transfer via runoff from two catchments into Yuqiao Reservoir in north China. The surface runoff discharge was measured during rainfall events and water samples were analyzed in 2004 and 2005. The mean annual total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) exports per unit area from Caogezhuang catchment (C catchment) were 1.048 and 0.561 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively, while the TN and TP exports from Taohuasi catchment (T catchment) were 0.158 and 0.027 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. In both catchments, village and vineyard shared the highest nutrient export ability due to the accumulated animal waste and heavy application of fertilizer and manure. In T catchment, the distance of village and vineyard was about 1,500 m away from the receiving water and in between were woodland and cropland. In the hydrological pathway, there were sink landscape structures of small stone dams, roadside swale, vegetated filter strip and dry ponds, which could detain water and nutrients. In C catchment, the distance between the village and the receiving water was about 200 m, and the hydrological pathway was compacted roads and ditches with no sink structures. It is suggested that the distance between the pollution source area and the receiving water and the micro-topographical features were the main factors to control the great difference in nutrient export rates.     

流域景观功能网络构建及应用——以台湾乌溪流域为例

选择生态及城市功能并重的台湾乌溪流域,在乡镇行政单元的基础上,利用耗费距离模型将景观功能网络落实于实际的空间单元。透过网络节点间的通达性分析可知,乌溪流域的景观功能网络中以城市功能网络结构较佳,城市子节点多环绕于城市功能中心,功能的输出与传递有较高的效益;而生态功能网络节点间通达性差异并不显著,唯作为一级及二级功能节点的红香、高美湿地等位置孤立、通达性较差,需就其功能向外传输路径进行优化,并提升二载山及北坑子等重要联系节点的生态功能强度。     

New insights into hominin lithic activities at FLK North Bed I, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

Recent work at FLK North (FLK N) has unearthed a new archaeological assemblage recovered with precise control of its stratigraphic position. In the present work, the technological study of the new lithic sample is described. The results show the co-occurrence in the same site of different technological behaviors. At FLK N, hominins were involved in both percussion/battering activities and, through freehand and bipolar knapping, in core reduction. However, the reconstruction of the operational sequences shows that core reduction was probably a marginal behavior, while percussion/battering activities occurred more regularly throughout the sequence. If hominins were not involved in regular carcass processing, as recent taphonomic studies suggest, then hominins' sporadic and low-impact visits to the site over a long period of time must have been driven by other activities probably linked to the exploitation of alternative resources. Plant processing could have been a plausible explanation for hominin presence at FLK N.     

北海车站广场景观生态设计与工程实施问题

对“南亚热带滨海花园城市”的北海市重要的入门景观火车站广场进行景观生态工程设计, 并在运用景观多样性及斑块多样性的测定指标对设计的方案进行了数量化的比较和评价的基础上, 研究其景观生态工程设计的方案效果并探讨其实施的工程问题。关于火车站广场的景观设计的具体方案的构想为以“红树林精神”为主题的中心红树林音乐喷泉加“四季花红”的绿化整体配置。整个广场的绿化设计可以在现有建筑设计的基础之上, 分５ 个层次以绿色为基色陪衬红色鲜花, 营造“热情似火”的生态意境, 取得“四季如春”的景观生态效果。