A 30 meter land cover mapping of China with an efficient clustering algorithm CBEST

Remote sensing based land cover mapping at large scale is time consuming when using either supervised or unsupervised classification approaches. This article used a fast clustering method—Clustering by Eigen Space Transformation(CBEST) to produce a land cover map for China. Firstly, 508 Landsat TM scenes were collected and processed. Then, TM images were clustered by combining CBEST and K-means in each pre-defined ecological zone(50 in total for China). Finally, the obtained clusters were visually interpreted as land cover types to complete a land cover map. Accuracy evaluation using 2159 test samples indicates an overall accuracy of 71.7% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.64. Comparisons with two global land cover products(i.e., Finer Resolution Observation and Monitoring of Global Land Cover(FROM-GLC) and GlobCover 2009) also indicate that our land cover result using CBEST is superior in both land cover area estimation and visual effect for different land cover types.     

近40 a来天山台兰河流域冰川资源变化分析

台兰河流域作为阿克苏河的支流,是以冰川融水补给为主的河流,流域面积为1 324 km²。结合1：5万地形图、Landsat ETM+遥感影像及数字高程模型数据,通过综合计算机自动解译及目视解译的方法,将面向对象图像特征提取方法应用到该流域冰川信息提取中,并以影像叠加数字高程模型来提取表碛覆盖区的冰川末端边界,最后参照专家指导意见进行边界的再次修订,得到1972~2011年该流域的冰川变化数据,并分析了过去近40 a来冰川变化特征及其对气候变化的响应过程。结果表明：1972~2011年,台兰河流域冰川退缩明显,冰川总面积从435.44 km²退缩到385.38 km²,减少了50.06 km²,退缩率为11.50%,年均减少约1.25 km²,平均单条冰川面积减小0.31 km²;冰川总条数从113条减少到109条,消失冰川10条,有3条冰川分离成了9条,其余100条冰川都呈减小趋势。结合阿克苏和拜城气象站气象资料分析认为,台兰河流域冰川萎缩与该地区气温快速上升关系密切,气温上升导致的冰川消融在一定程度上抵消了降水增加对冰川的补给。     

Integrated method of RS and GPR for monitoring the changes in the soil moisture and groundwater environment due to underground coal mining

Mining affects the environment in different ways depending on the physical context in which the mining occurs. In mining areas with an arid environment, mining affects plants’ growth by changing the amount of available water. This paper discusses the effects of mining on two important determinants of plant growth—soil moisture and groundwater table (GWT)—which were investigated using an integrated approach involving a field sampling investigation with remote sensing (RS) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR). To calculate and map the distribution of soil moisture for a target area, we initially analyzed four models for regression analysis between soil moisture and apparent thermal inertia and finally selected a linear model for modeling the soil moisture at a depth 10 cm; the relative error of the modeled soil moisture was about 6.3% and correlation coefficient 0.7794. A comparison of mined and unmined areas based on the results of limited field sampling tests or RS monitoring of Landsat 5-thermatic mapping (TM) data indicated that soil moisture did not undergo remarkable changes following mining. This result indicates that mining does not have an effect on soil moisture in the Shendong coal mining area. The coverage of vegetation in 2005 was compared with that in 1995 by means of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) deduced from TM data, and the results showed that the coverage of vegetation in Shendong coal mining area has improved greatly since 1995 because of policy input RMB￥0.4 per ton coal production by Shendong Coal Mining Company. The factor most affected by coal mining was GWT, which dropped from a depth of 35.41 m before mining to a depth of 43.38 m after mining at the Bulianta Coal Mine based on water well measurements. Ground-penetrating radar at frequencies of 25 and 50 MHz revealed that the deepest GWT was at about 43.4 m. There was a weak water linkage between the unsaturated zone and groundwater, and the decline of water table primarily resulted from the well pumping for mining safety rather than the movement of cracking strata. This result is in agreement with the measurements of the water wells. The roots of nine typical plants in the study area were investigated. Populus was found to have the deepest root system with a depth of about 26 m. Based on an assessment of plant growth demands and the effect of mining on environmental factors, we concluded that mining will have less of an effect on plant growth at those sites where the primary GWT depth before mining was deep enough to be unavailable to plants. If the primary GWT was available for plant growth before mining, especially to those plants with deeper roots, mining will have a significant effect on the growth of plants and the mechanism of this effect will include the loss of water to roots and damage to the root system.     

利用TM数据提取干旱区土地覆被信息的方法比较

以柴达木盆地香日德绿洲作为研究实验区,对该区域ETM遥感数据经过空间分辨率融合、主成分分析等方法进行空间信息增强及专题信息增强处理,组合最佳视觉背景图像,分别在不同背景图像上选择训练样本,利用最大似然法监督分类方法(MLC)、多空间尺度分层聚类(SSHC)和基于知识的模糊聚类方法(KFC)等分类器,分别用各自训练样本初始化各类别信息特征值,形成类别特征值模式库,分别以此为基础对待分样本进行分类,对初分类的结果经过类别合并、碎斑滤除以及重新编码赋色等分类后处理,得到最终分类结果及分类精度评价结果。从所获数据可以得出如下结论：从总体精度和Kappa值可知,SSHC和．KFC分类方法所获结果精度较高,总体精度比MLC分类结果约高于3％,SSHC之结果精度略高于KFC之结果;SSHC、KFC和MLC三种分类方法对该区域地表覆被信息的提取分类中,SSHC分类方法对耕地、石砾地、河滩和荒漠分类结果较好,KFC分类方法对耕地、沙地、河滩和荒漠分类结果较好,MLC分类方法对耕地、河滩和荒漠分类结果较好,三种分类方法对耕地、河滩和荒漠等三种地类的分类精度较高,用户精度都在80％以上,而对沙地和石砾地的分类结果其用户精度大都低于80％。     

1980-2010年西藏波密地区典型冰川变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

运用遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)技术, 结合波密县1960-2010年气象数据, 分析了西藏波密地区冰川的主要分布特征和典型大冰川1980-2010年的时空变化. 结果显示: 波密县共有冰川数量2 040条, 总面积为4 382.5 km², 其中, 分布在海拔4 000~6 000 m的高山冰川总面积达4 086 km², 占冰川总面积的93.2%; 南坡分布冰川1 504条, 面积3 180.04 km², 分别占波密冰川总量的73.73%和72.56%, 而北坡占还不到三分之一. 提取1980、 1990、 2000和2010年4期面积大于20 km²的24条大冰川面积进行对比分析, 1980-2010年间波密县大冰川面积总体呈减小趋势, 由1980年的1 592.78 km²退缩至2010年1 567.04 km², 共退缩了25.74 km²; 其中, 1980-1990年冰川变化贡献最大, 冰川面积退缩了16.62 km², 占冰川总面积退缩量的64.6%. 波密县气象站数据显示, 50 a来冰川退缩主要受温度持续上升的影响, 降水量变化对冰川变化影响不大.     

基于TM遥感数据的汶川地震极重灾区生态恢复研究

本文以地震极重灾区2006、2008和2011年3期Landsat TM遥感影像为数据源,利用GIS提取灾区土地利用信息,结合坡度和高程等地形因子对灾区主要生态系统面积的变化进行综合分析.结果表明:2008年地震对灾区生态环境造成严重破坏,使研究区农田、森林和草地生态系统分别减少了124.6km2、461.6km2和9...     

龙口市城镇聚落空间信息提取与动态变化研究

以胶东半岛龙口市为研究区域，利用1983年地形图、Landsat 1992.6和2002.6两个时期的TM影像，首先分析了该区域城镇聚落的影像特征，研究了城镇聚落及其背景地物的光谱特征，并探讨了它们在光谱特征上的可分性；然后分析并建立了基于光谱特征和形状特征的简单决策树模型，对研究区域城镇聚落信息进行了提取。在此基础上，简要分析了胶东半岛龙口市近20年来，城镇聚落动态变化的特点。     

归一化水汽指数与地表温度的关系

城市热岛的遥感研究,传统上主要利用归一化植被指数作为指标来评估地表温度-植被之间的关系。本研究探讨了以归一化水汽指数作为评估其与地表温度关系的适应性,比较了归一化水汽指数和归一化植被指数在表达城市热岛效应方面的效力。利用"单窗算法"和3个不同时段的TM/ETM+数据获取了珠江三角洲核心区域的地表温度分布图,分析了两种指数与地表温度之间的关系。对局部区域逐像元和对区域总体分析的结果表明:不同时段的地表温度与归一化水汽指数之间均存在较强的线性关系,而地表温度与归一化植被指数之间的线性关系相对较弱。说明在城市化的环境下,与传统上常用归一化植被指数作为指标来定量分析地表温度相比,归一化水汽指数提供了一种互补的、甚至更加有效的衡量指标。     

遥感技术在川西甲基卡大型锂矿基地找矿填图中的应用

四川甲基卡矿田是中国乃至于世界上锂矿资源最集中的地区之一,目前运用遥感技术开展甲基卡型锂矿的研究工作尚较为薄弱,文章运用遥感技术在甲基卡特殊地貌区开展找矿填图应用研究,建立了研究区典型岩石及矿物的波谱数据库,总结了研究区黑云母片岩、十字石片岩、十字石堇青石片岩、角岩、二云母花岗岩、含锂辉石伟晶岩、无矿伟晶岩、石英脉、长石斑晶、锂辉石单晶、云母、绿柱石的波谱特征;之后分别基于中等分辨率遥感数据Landsat 8和高空间分辨率遥感数据Geoeye-1进行图像处理和信息提取,开展了地质填图应用初步研究。研究结果表明遥感技术作为一种新兴的技术手段,对甲基卡型锂矿的填图及找矿具有重要的指导意义,可以作为今后地质找矿工作的"先头兵"。     

基于GA-LS-SVM算法的城市不透水面估算方法

城市不透水面遥感提取方法一直是城市遥感的重要研究领域。以南京市为例,采用Landsat TM（ETM+）数据,结合IKONOS影像,阐述了多源特征的提取与选择方法及其对不透水面估算精度的影响,并采用遗传算法优化最小二乘支持向量机参数,构建GA-LS-SVM模型。应用该模型估算南京市不透水面,与神经网络模型和像元分解线性模型进行比较。结果表明：采用多源特征提取城市不透水面,可以明显提高估算精度;GA-LS-SVM模型2000年与2006年估算误差RMSE分别为0.106和0.158,SE均为-0.001,明显优于其他2种模型。