塔里木河下游垦区土地利用/覆盖动态变化过程分析

在分析和解译1977、1987和1999年三个时相的MSS,TM和ETM 遥感影像基础上,得到塔里木河下游垦区22年来土地利用/覆盖的动态变化信息,并对其数量变化特征、重心移动和主要变化类型进行了研究。结果表明:塔里木河下游垦区的水体、高覆盖草地、林地和中覆盖草地的面积锐减,主要转变为沙地和盐碱地;水体、耕地、林地、沼泽、草地和居民点的重心不断向塔里木河上游方向移动,这与垦区的人口和经济的重心移动方向是一致的,而沙地和盐碱地的重心则向相反的方向移动;林地-中覆盖草地-低覆盖草地-沙地/盐碱地转变的规律非常明显;中上游来水量减少和下游垦区的土地开发利用是导致土地退化和草场沙化的主要原因。     

Remote sensing and GIS-based regional geomorphological mapping—a tool for land use planning in developing countries

Land use planning and necessary supporting data are crucial to developing countries that are usually under severe environmental and demographic strains. Approaches and methods to map the variability of natural resources are important tools to properly guide spatial planning. In this paper, we describe a method to quickly map terrain at reconnaissance (1:250,000) and semi-detailed (1:50,000) levels. This method can be utilized as a basis for further land evaluation and land use planning in large territories. The approach was tested in the state of Michoacan, central-western Mexico, currently undergoing rapid deforestation and subsequent land degradation.Results at the reconnaissance level describe the geographic distribution of major landforms and dominant land cover, and provide a synoptic inventory of natural resources. Results at the semi-detailed level indicate how to nest individual landforms to major units and how they can be used to run procedures for land evaluation. If combined with appropriate socioeconomic data, governmental guidelines for land use planning can be formulated on the basis of reconnaissance and semi-detailed terrain analysis.     

Channel braiding and stability of the Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh, since 1967: GIS and remote sensing analyses

Spatial and temporal changes in channel distribution in the large, sandy, braided system of the Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh, were analyzed using satellite images and GIS. Supervised classification of the images within the braided belt, i.e., channels and bars between the bank-lines, provided raster land cover data for 14 different years between 1967 and 2002. The width of the braided-belt, the number and width of channels, the distribution of land cover attributes and land stability change were examined from the data. The results indicate that the recent history of the dynamics of the Brahmaputra can be divided into four phases: 1) the late 1960s to early 1970s, 2) the mid-1970s to early 1980s, 3) the mid-1980s to early 1990s, and 4) the mid-1990s to early 2000s. Spatial distributions of the land cover and channels in Phase 4 were the least complex suggesting a state of dynamic equilibrium. Land cover and channel distributions during Phase 2 were partly less complex indicating quasi-dynamic equilibrium. Phases 1 and 3 can be regarded as transitional phases with more complex conditions. Frequent large floods may have triggered significant changes in the river system during Phases 1 and 3.     

基于MODIS NDVI的新疆土地覆盖类型划分与潜在荒漠化区域探测

采用2002年MODIS 1km的全年NDVI时序数据对新疆及周边地区进行了土地覆盖分类,在分类的过程中重点强调了稀疏植被覆盖区域,这些区域具有潜在荒漠化的趋势。介绍了一种针对不同土地覆盖类型并能重点突出稀疏植被的分类方法,这种方法较好地综合了季节性影响因素和多变的自然条件影响因素。从16天合成的优化过的时序NDVI图像上,通过分析物候变化,可以获得较好的分类结果。将具有潜在荒漠化趋势的区域模型化研究以后,研究结果表明新疆及周边地区40万km2的土地有潜在荒漠化的趋势。由于MODIS NDVI数据覆盖范围较大,并且对植被的生长变化有较高的敏感度,所以它可以被有效地应用于监测大尺度环境变化和荒漠化进程。     

Siliceous algae-based seasonal temperature inference and indicator pollen tracking ca. 4,000 years of climate/land use dependency in the southern Austrian Alps

Diatom and chrysophyte cyst-based reconstructions of the dates of spring and autumn lake-mixing enabled us to estimate spring (ST_anom) and autumn (AT_anom) temperature anomalies as well as ice-cover of the last ca. 4,000 years in a lake sediment core (Oberer Landschitzsee, 2,076 m a.s.l.) from the southern slopes of the Austrian Central Alps. The two independently inferred temperature anomalies were significantly correlated. On average, spring and autumn temperatures were lower during the two millennia B.C than during 0–1,300 A.D. Marked spring and autumn temperature minima occurred at about 1,300 and 600 B.C. At about 1,300 A.D, ST_anom declined again. Spring-temperature anomalies during Roman and Medieval times equaled or slightly exceeded the modern values and paralleled tree-line and glacier fluctuations. The de-coupling of autumn and spring climates, which began during the Medieval period, might indicate changes in major circulation modes. It was assumed that the North-Atlantic influence, triggering winter-rain climate in the Northern Mediterranean, became weaker during Medieval times, resulting in a trend towards warmer autumns and overall more continental climate conditions in the study area. Four pulses of land use, inferred from indicator pollen, occurred during (1) the Early to Late Bronze, (2) the transition from Late Bronze to Early Iron Age (Hallstatt), (3) Late Iron Age (La Tène, Celtic time) to Roman times, and (4) during high to late Medieval times. Climate seemed to be an important, though complex, trigger of Alpine land use.     

我国荒漠化现状、成因与防治对策

我国荒漠化土地面积大,分布范围广,发展程度高,危害严重。目前,荒漠化防治虽然取得了一定成绩,但是,只是在局部地区荒漠化土地得到了一定程度治理,我国荒漠化整体仍在加速扩展,且有进一步加重的趋势,荒漠化防治面临的形势非常严峻。气候干旱化是现代荒漠化发生、发展的基本背景条件,人口的快速增长和生产经营方式落后导致人类对资源的不合理开发利用,是我国现代荒漠化加速扩展的主要原因,其主要表现形式是滥垦、滥牧、滥樵、滥采、滥用水资源和滥开矿等。以防为主,以治理保开发,以开发促治理,寓治理于开发中,防、治、用有机结合,是根治荒漠化,实现荒漠化地区人口、资源与环境协调发展的根本途径。为加快荒漠化治理速度,国家应对荒漠化地区给予政策扶持。     

高黎贡山不同土地类型土壤中微生物的生化活性

从高黎贡山不同土地类型土壤的理化特性及微生物特性,探讨了不同土地类型生态因子的变化及其对微生物生长代谢的作用,以及人类活动对微生物的影响。     

藏东"三江"流域土地沙漠化成因及防治对策

金沙江、澜沧江和怒江是藏东地区著名的国际性大河,"三江"流域作为"江河源"、"生态源"的重要组成部分,它的生态环境变化对当地乃至周边地区都有着重大影响。近年来受全球变暖和人类不合理的开发自然资源的影响,土地沙漠化问题日趋严重,直接影响了当地的经济发展和人民生活。作者在分析了当地土地沙漠化现状、成因的基础上,结合当地实际情况提出三条防治土地沙漠化的对策,并指出保护好"三江"流域的生态环境对当地乃至周边地区都有着十分重要的意义。     

贵阳市土地类型和自然区划

一定区域内的土地特征,是该地自然条件的全面综合反映。因此,在土地类型调查研究基础上,按照土地结构的相似性和差异性,自下而上地合并自然区划单位,更能准确地反映客观实际。     

WEST AFRICAN ENVIRONMENTAL NARRATIVES AND DEVELOPMENT‐VOLUNTEER PRAXIS*

ABSTRACT. Environmental narratives in Africa have been examined in a flurry of publications since the mid‐1990s. In this article we seek to offer insights into the role and motivations of volunteer development workers in perpetuating environmental narratives. We examine the factors that led to the questioning or nonquestioning of environment‐development discourses and their influence, if any, on the actual work undertaken by volunteers. As former development volunteers, we also explore the role that the development‐volunteer experience subsequently played in shaping our own research as academics. Our analysis is based largely on our tenure as U.S. Peace Corps volunteers in Mali from 1987 until 1989 and our later experiences as academics. We draw on our memories, interviews with former colleagues, and training materials to describe how volunteers were introduced to, and encouraged to act on, environmental problems in the West African Sudano‐Sahel. We adopt a reflexive approach to explore briefly how our experiences as volunteers influenced our research and writing as academics.