国土整理测量的特点、内容及实施方法

为国土整理工作提供的测绘保障,称之为“国土整理测量”,它主要由“面”的规划调查测量和“点”、“线”的实施工程测量组成。权属调查、行政区划调查是国土整理测量工作的重要组成部分,在某些情况下,还须进行人口与水资源调查。国土整理测量必须建立土地台帐,并达到综合利用土地台帐的目的。日本等经济发达国家在20纪50年代即巳开展了长期化、制度化的国土整理工作,而我国则刚刚起步,因此尚存在没有统一的技术标准、总体规划性不强、缺乏前瞻性和国土整理测量成果没有得到综合利用等问题。所以：依据我国国情,借鉴国外经验,探讨国土整理测量的特点、作业流程及实施方法,为即将到来的大规模国土整理测量提供必要的理论依据与技术标准、实施方法与手段,具有很强的必要性与迫切性。     

农业土地利用对岩溶地下水影响研究综述

地球表层系统最突出的景观标志是土地利用/土地覆被。人类通过土地利用改变天然土地覆被从而对脆弱敏感的岩溶水文系统产生了重大的影响。文章着重从农业土地利用出发综述了当前农业土地利用对岩溶水影响的研究。农业土地利用对岩溶地下水的影响主要围绕着水质和水量两个核心从以下几个方面展开:天然植被的清除,农业灌溉和排水,农业集约化所带来的化肥杀虫剂等的使用以及污染物质在岩溶含水层中的运移和影响。在此基础上作者从研究内容,理论方法和建立模型等方面都提出了自己的想法和建议。     

石漠化土地固碳潜力分析——以贵州为例

以中国南方石漠化最为严重的贵州省为主要研究对象,选取其中五个有典型代表性的石漠化综合治理小流域为研究区,以70个典型样地实地监测数据为基础,测算了目前贵州石漠化土地的碳储量并分别预测了短期(20年)和长期(50年)内的固碳潜力。数据表明:2006年全省石漠化土地总碳储量达12627～20418万t碳,其中潜在和轻度石漠化的碳储量最高,占总碳储量的80%以上,是石漠化生态系统中主要的碳库;通过石漠化综合治理,预计20年后会有22655万t二氧化碳得到固定,而50年后固碳量将翻一番,达到42708万t;贵州全省石漠化土地年均固碳量达8.55～11.34×106t,可消除全区42%的工业二氧化碳排放量,有助于贵州工业二氧化碳“零排放”目标的实现。尽管石漠化生态系统有巨大的固碳潜力,但在石漠化综合治理规划中对碳汇功能缺乏充分的重视,有必要在“十二五”石漠化综合治理规划中在更高的水平上重新考量石漠化的碳汇功能。      

神经网络技术在地面沉降区划中的应用研究

复杂的第四系沉积环境构成地面沉降的地质背景，在对比分析第四系厚度、地下水位、含水层以及软土层发育程度的基础上，尝试性地运用人工神经网络技术对苏锡常地区地面沉降易发区进行识别。除基岩出露区外全区共被划分成4类块段，这种分布与第四系条件具有很强的空间相关性，经检验具有较高的可信度。     

均生函数与BP神经网络耦合模拟预测模型(MGF-BP-I)的建立与应用

水文气候因子模拟预测对气候变化研究、农业墒情预报、生态环境改善、水资源合理开发利用等具有一定参考意义。均生函数、BP神经网络及其结合改进方式在模拟预测中各有优点,被广泛应用,但仍有进一步改进空间。针对MGF、MGF-OSR、MGF-OSR-BP等方法粗选因子集、粗选集组合筛选、收敛适应性、精度控制等可改进空间,进一步发挥均生函数和BP神经网络优势,建立了MGF-BP-I模拟预测模型。利用MGF-OSR、MGF-OSR-BP、MGF-BP-I对科尔沁沙地区域平均年降水进行了模拟预测。结果表明,建模期MGF-OSR-BP、MGF-BP-I拟合效果均较好,MGF-BP-I建模阶段最优模式精度优于MGF-OSR-BP,MGF-BP-I整体同时最优模式结果也非常好。检验期,MGF-BP-I检验阶段最优及整体同时最优两种模式拟合效果最好,相比其他模式精度有所提高。MGF-BP-I考虑更加全面,充分发挥了均生函数和BP神经网络优势,精度远高于MGF-OSR和MGF-OSR-BP,MGF-BP-I整体同时最优模式更符合实际应用,效果理想,可用于水文气候因子模拟预测。     

Gated communities of the Moscow green belt: newly segregated landscapes and the suburban Russian environment

The transition from the Soviet to the post-Soviet period in and near Moscow manifested itself in increasing production of segregated space both in the urban core and suburban areas outside of the beltway to accommodate the preferences of the new Russian business and governmental elite. This paper focuses on the residential single-family housing inside old and new settlements, which are frequently gated. Approximately 260 of such suburban communities have been developed within 30 km of the beltway during the past few years, of which a majority have some form of exclusion mechanism in place, typically tall solid fences, gates, closed-circuit video surveillance and guarded entry checkpoints. The difference in exclusivity varies from the most exclusive older communities inside Moscow Serebryany Bor enclave and Rublevskoe highway mansions to less exclusive new developments along Novorizkhskoe and Dmitrovskoe highways. Despite high rates of construction, based on sociological surveys in 2003, only about 11% of Russia’s upper class claimed to live in such new “cottages,” with the rest owning condos and luxury apartments in the inner city or older detached homes in villages and small towns. Therefore, not all the needs have been accommodated and more development is certain to take place. The environmental impact of such developments is profound. Based on preliminary LANDSAT image analysis, almost 22% of suburban “green belt” forested land within 30 km zone has been converted to new construction from 1991 to 2001. New construction is now focusing on the remaining fragments of natural vegetation, which will likely lower air quality and water quality available for the city. Ironically, the new developments advertise themselves as “clean and green” with massive investments in unnatural landscaping (seeded lawns, exotic shrubs, river and lake shore “improvements”). This investment highlights the well-known paradox of development in which people move out of town to live near nature, while destroying the wild nature they come to enjoy. “We left city for the weekend It was raining, saw no stars There were fences everywhere Our chiefs behind the bars.” Gennady Shpalikov     

Land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River, northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau: classification and evaluation

Land degradation imposes a great threat to the world. It is not merely an environmental issue, but also a social and economic problem. Land desertification is among the main aspects of environment changes in the source region of the Yellow River. Previous studies focused on water resource utilization and soil erosion, but land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River even the whole Qinghai-Xizang Plateau received little attention. Based on the data obtained by field investigation and TM satellite images of 2000, this study provides the classification and evaluation information of the land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River. There are six types of land degradation in this region: water erosion in the northern mountains around the Gonghe Basin, sandy desertification in the Gonghe Basin and Upland Plain Area, aridization in the lower reaches, salinization in the Gonghe Basin, vegetation degradation in the intramontance basin and freezing and thawing erosion in the high mountains. The total degraded area is 34,429.6 km², making up 37.5% of the land in the study area. Finally, land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River was evaluated according to changes in the physical structure and chemical component of soils, land productivity, secondary soil salt and water conditions.     

西南地区石漠化分布、演变特征及影响因素

根据中国西南岩溶区1999—2008年石漠化遥感调查结果,研究了该区石漠化发生现状和近十年间石漠化在区域、岩性、地貌及区域经济等方面的演变特征,并对发生石漠化的影响因素进行分析。结果显示,石漠化集中分布在滇、黔、桂三省区;石漠化的发生与岩性和地貌密切相关,其中纯碳酸盐岩中石漠化发生率高于杂碳酸盐岩,并随灰岩或碳酸盐岩含量减少而降低,而地形高差相对大的峰丛洼地、峰林洼地石漠化发生率最高,并随地貌相对高差变小而降低。石漠化发生程度与岩性、地貌关系表现多样,纯碳酸盐岩中轻度石漠化比例高于中度和重度石漠化之和的比例,杂碳酸盐岩中中度和重度石漠化之和的比例高于轻度石漠化比例;在峰林洼地、峰林/缓丘平原中轻度石漠化比例高于中度和重度石漠化之和的比例,缓丘台地和丘陵谷地中中度和重度石漠化之和的比例高于轻度石漠化,是岩溶构造演化与人类活动共同制约的结果。从1999年到2008年间,该区石漠化已经呈现转轻趋势,主要表现在总面积减少,石漠化程度减轻;石漠化演变过程中发生在不同岩性和地貌中改善或恶化发生率的变化趋势与上述石漠化的发生规律相似。石漠化还不同程度地影响居民的生活水平,调查显示,严重石漠化县域内石漠化面积与农民人均纯收入、人均生产总值等呈负相关,县域内石漠化面积是影响农民人均纯收入,乃至人均生产总值最重要的因素。因此,石漠化调查结果显示,研究区石漠化呈向好趋势,但是治理难点依然存在。     

基于植物多样性恢复和保护的石漠化土地整理模式——以贵州撒拉溪和花江示范区为例

本文选取贵州毕节撒拉溪与关岭-贞丰花江示范区为研究对象,通过植物多样性和土地利用调查,掌握示范区植物种类、分布状况和生长特性,土地利用状况以及土地整理程度,选育植物先锋物种,结合模式构建的理论依据和边界条件,根据石漠化土地整理工程分区治理方法,在生态型土地整理技术体系的指导下,针对两个示范区具体情况分别提出温凉喀斯特高原山地潜在-轻度石漠化土地整理与混农林业复合经营模式和干热喀斯特高原峡谷中-强度石漠化土地整理与特色经果林集约经营模式。结果表明:(1)植物多样性本底调查是基于植物多样性恢复与保护的石漠化土地整理的基础,项目实施后还应对植物多样性进行动态监测。(2)土地整理规划设计应融入生态理念,构建基于植物多样性恢复和保护的石漠化土地整理模式,有助于生态修复和重建脆弱生态环境:2011-2014年期间,毕节撒拉溪示范区植被覆盖率上升8.51%,无石漠化面积扩大22.53 hm2;关岭-贞丰花江示范区植被覆盖率上升4.47%,无石漠化面积扩大13.2 hm2。(3)模式的构建依托于技术体系,毕节撒拉溪示范区主要采用潜在-轻度石漠化人工种草与草地生态改良丰产栽培技术、以金银花(Lonicera japonica)为主的坡地植物篱保水固土技术等进行模式构建;花江示范区选取以花椒-玉米为主的林粮空间优化配置技术、以皇竹草-苜蓿草为主的草地营养优化配置技术等构建经营模式。