艾比湖区域地表水水化学特征干湿季变化及其控制因素

对2014年艾比湖区域的地表水进行观测和取样,综合运用多元统计、Piper阴阳离子三角图、Gibbs图等方法,对艾比湖区域干湿季地表水化学特征及控制因素进行了分析.结果表明：在湿季5月,Na⁺和Cl^-是占绝对优势的离子,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的70.34%和52.97%,其次是Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-;在干季10月,Na⁺和Cl^-是占绝对优势的离子,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的70.57%和66.48%,其次是Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-.进而判断出在湿季,艾比湖区域地表水水化学类型为以碳酸盐岩石和蒸发岩来源为主的HCO₃^--Ca²⁺-Na⁺型;而在干季,艾比湖区域地表水水化学类型为以碳酸盐岩石和蒸发岩来源为主的HCO₃^--Ca²⁺型.此外,探讨了离子控制的因素.就自然因素而言,在干湿季,艾比湖区域地表水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用和蒸发结晶作用的共同影响,大气降水的输入作用十分微弱.就人为因素而言,根据相关研究,干湿季人为活动中的主要因素是人口和地区生产总值,说明该区域受到人为活动的影响.本研究为我国干旱地区对于河水水化学变化、水质特征、水质保护都具有重要的意义.     

Phytoplankton,macrophytes and benthic diatoms in lake classification: Consistent,congruent, redundant? Lessons learnt from WFD-compliant monitoring in Poland

The lake monitoring programme compliant with the Water Framework Directive has been implemented in Poland since 2007. Currently, the methods for three biological quality elements (BQEs): phytoplankton (the Phytoplankton Multimetric for Polish Lakes, PMPL), macrophytes (the Ecological State Macrophyte Index, ESMI) and phytobenthos (the Diatom Index for Lakes, IOJ) are officially applied and internationally intercalibrated. Based on the monitoring data from 256 lakes surveyed in 2010–2013 and assessed for all the three BQEs, we tested whether the assessment results obtained by the three biological methods were consistent and we searched for the causes of inconsistencies which we found. The lake classifications obtained from the PMPL and ESMI were highly consistent and the relationship between these metrics was relatively strong (R = 0.66, p < 0.001). Both metrics correlated equally strongly with water quality indicators. However, the PMPL and ESMI indicated systematic dissimilarities in the sensitivity to eutrophication between shallow and deep lakes. In shallow lakes, the alarming symptoms of macrophyte community deterioration (lower values of ESMI) occurred at lower nutrient and Chla concentrations and were accompanied by a better status of phytoplankton (higher values of PMPL) than in deep lakes that can be explained by a synergistic effect of inorganic suspended solids and algal growth on water transparency. As a consequence, the positions of phytoplankton and macrophytes as early warning indicators in the eutrophication gradient in shallow lakes were inverted compared to those in deep lakes. Compared to the PMPL and ESMI, the IOJ method gave the least stringent assessment results, with 22% of lakes failing to meet the environmental objectives. The relationships between IOJ and PMPL, and ESMI were relatively weak (R = 0.17, p = 0.008 and R = 0.17, p = 0.007, respectively). Moreover, the phytobenthos index IOJ correlated significantly more weakly with all the water quality indicators than either PMPL or ESMI did. The poor performance of the phytobenthos method in this study may suggest a limited indicator value of this BQE for lake assessment or inappropriate sampling design.     

胡杨树轮δ13C记录的艾比湖地区夏季最高温度变化

摘要：艾比湖是新疆北部生态环境最为敏感和脆弱的地区,这里分布的大片长龄胡杨是过去气候变化良好的记录体。本文利用艾比湖东岸的胡杨树轮资料,分析其宽度和稳定碳同位素组成,建立了树轮宽度年表和δ^13C序列,并对δ^13C序列进行了校正处理。树轮参数的气候意义分析表明胡杨树轮宽度所含的气候信息较少,而树轮δ^13C校正序列与精河夏季高温显著负相关,为荒漠平原区树轮气候研究提供了新的资料。研究区夏季的高温超过了光合作用的适宜温度,降低光合作用速率（A）,而地下水埋深较浅,叶片气候导度（g）并没有因受到水分条件限制而减小,在以上两个因素的共同作用下,叶片内部二氧化碳浓度（Ci）升高,导致胡杨δ^13C与夏季高温负相关关系。建立了胡杨树轮δ^13C校正序列与精河夏季高温的转换方程,方差解释量为33．0％。重建的精河145a来夏季高温序列反映了这一地区气候变暖的趋势,其升温的幅度高于北半球夏季升温幅度,但二者冷暖阶段变化并不完全一致。     

风浪作用下水生植物对水流结构的影响——以太湖中两种典型沉水植物为例

为研究风浪作用下水生植物对水流结构的影响,选取太湖中两种典型沉水植物(苦草与马来眼子菜)为研究对象,分别对苦草植物斑块与马来眼子菜植物斑块内外水体的瞬时流速进行野外现场测量,利用瞬时流速的能量谱分布将波浪流速与紊动流速分离,分别分析水生植物对时均流速、波浪流速以及紊动能的影响。风浪影响下,水体中存在流向与测量时近水面处盛行风向一致的水流;波浪流速以垂向流速为主,且波浪流速自水面向床底逐渐减小;紊动能在水面处达到最大值,并向床底方向逐渐减小。与无植被条件相比,苦草与马来眼子菜的存在减小了时均流速、波浪流速以及紊动能。两种植物形态上的差异,导致其对水流结构的影响不同:苦草叶片阻流面积在冠层中部达到最大,使得时均流速与波浪流速在苦草中部位置的减小程度最大;马来眼子菜叶片主要集中于冠层顶部(水面附近),其对时均流速以及波浪流速的减小作用在水面处达到最大。     

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖的地球化学演化与古气候变化

１９９０年用铀系年代学及古地磁对昆特依盐湖沉积物进行年代测定，探讨该湖区地球化学演化与古气候变化关系。结果表明，该区最老的盐层形成于早更新世晚期（大于７３０ｋａ），大量的盐类沉积则始于３００ｋａ左右；盐湖沉积物中元素含量变化主要受古盐度、矿物、类质同象和吸附控制；沉积物水溶Ｆ／Ｃｌ比值与古盐度成反比关系；该湖２０００ｋａ以来的古环境演变：盐层形成于干冷、偏酸性的氧化环境，泥岩层形成于湿暖、偏碱性的     

东平湖畔涝洼荒地渔农牧综合开发利用措施的探讨

东平湖畔涝洼地年仅亩产细苇400—500kg,价值10—20元。采用渔农牧综合开发利用的措施,亩产鱼、粮、猪1000kg。其措施为: 1.改涝洼荒地为台田、鱼池。2.台田种粮食。3.鱼池采用光合细菌微生物技术并产体养殖,多种鱼及蚌、珍珠等。4.产品循环利用。粮食作物的副产品做猪饲料;猪粪做鱼饲料肥料;鱼粪回田做作物的肥料。     

内蒙古达来诺尔湖湖泊沉积物中敏感粒度组分沉积环境及地层分析

对达来诺尔湖北岸岸边(DL-0)、湖中心(DL-1)和湖南岸(DL-2)3个点的岩心沉积物进行了详细的岩性分析、粒度分析和粒度参数垂向分布序列分析。对沉积环境变化较为敏感的粒度组分的分析发现DL-0与DL-1和DL-2井岩心沉积物敏感粒度组分的峰值有较大差别,其粒度分布范围相差较大,表明湖北岸岸边、湖中心和湖南岸的沉积物来源和沉积环境的时空差异。敏感粒度组分含量随深度变化的初步分析表明,湖北岸岸边(DL-0)和湖中心(DL-1)两个点的沉积环境较为稳定;而位于湖南岸(DL-2)点的沉积环境变化比较大,包含了5个明显的沉积波动旋回,并对达来诺尔湖由北至南进行了沉积地层分析。在达来诺尔湖水下1.5m内主要是粒径0~200μm的颗粒,岩性为粘土、粉砂和砂,以粘土和粉砂为主,随着深度的增加,黏土含量增大,粉砂和砂含量减小。     

新疆东昆仑阿其克库勒湖西缘地区蛇绿岩的确证

新疆东昆仑阿其克库勒湖西缘出露了一套超基性—基性岩。该蛇绿岩的野外地质、岩石学以及岩石化学特征表明它们是由变质橄榄岩和堆晶岩两大单元组成的蛇绿岩 ,是否存在蛇绿岩的其它单元值得进一步研究。同时 ,这些特征表明其与青海东昆仑清水泉蛇绿岩相似 ,指示它们可能为同一洋壳的残余。     

青海湖沉积物中的粘土矿物

本文对青海湖沉积物中的粘土矿物和沉积环境进行了初步研究。沉积物的粒度成分一般以粉砂级为主,湖周沉积物较粗,湖内沉积物较细。湖中粘土矿物以伊利石-绿泥石为主,含少量蒙脱石和高岭石等。沉积物表层未见蒙脱石,粘土中Al₂O₃、K₂O和MgO的相对百分含量的特征与海粘土的化学成分特征相似。     

Role of reservoir regulation and groundwater feedback in a simulated ground-soil-vegetation continuum: A long-term regional scale analysis

The regional terrestrial water cycle is strongly altered by human activities. Among them, reservoir regulation is a way to spatially and temporally allocate water resources in a basin for multi-purposes. However, it is still not sufficiently understood how reservoir regulation modifies the regional terrestrial- and subsequently, the atmospheric water cycle. To address this question, the representation of reservoir regulation into the terrestrial component of fully coupled regional Earth system models is required. In this study, an existing process-based reservoir network module is implemented into NOAH-HMS, that is, the terrestrial component of an atmospheric–hydrologic modelling system, namely, the WRF-HMS. It allows to quantitatively differentiate role of reservoir regulation and of groundwater feedback in a simulated ground-soil-vegetation continuum. Our study focuses on the Poyang Lake basin, where the largest freshwater lake of China and reservoirs of different sizes are located. As compared to streamflow observations, the newly extended NOAH-HMS slightly improves the streamflow and streamflow duration curves simulation for the Poyang Lake basin for the period 1979–1986. The inclusion of reservoir regulation leads to major changes in the simulated groundwater recharges and evaporation from reservoirs at local scale, but has minor effects on the simulated soil moisture and surface runoff at basin scale. The performed groundwater feedback sensitivity analysis shows that the strength of the groundwater feedback is not altered by the consideration of reservoir regulation. Furthermore, both reservoir regulation and groundwater feedback modify the partitioning of the simulated evapotranspiration, thus affecting the atmospheric water cycle in the Poyang Lake region. This finding motivates future research with our extended fully coupled atmospheric–hydrologic modelling system by the community.