Runaway Brides: Anxieties of Identity among Trafficked Filipina Entertainers in South Korea

Although the migration of Filipinas to the Republic of Korea has only a short history, some Filipinas have already begun to form incipient communities around the largest United States military bases there. These communities are formed by an increasing number of women who run away from the military camptown clubs where they work as entertainers, to marry or live in cohabitation/de facto relationships with the enlisted American army personnel (or GIs) whom they meet and develop relationships with while working as entertainers in the GI clubs. Drawing on ethnographic research and interviews with the women in one such camptown, this paper documents their experiences and the dynamics of their marriages as they attempt to negotiate their transition from “trafficked entertainers” to “runaway brides”. Their experiences illustrate the daily tribulations of women who wish to improve their prospects, or more ambitiously, transform their identity whilst abroad, by entering into marriages or similar arrangements, but who continue to be encumbered with the stigma attached to being trafficked entertainers. The discussion in this paper aims to contribute to the literature on Filipina migrants' anxieties about identity in the context of transnational migration.     

山东地区与朝鲜半岛地区地震的相关性

系统分析了山东及朝鲜半岛地区历史地震记载的情况和特点，分析表明，两区的历史与现代地震资料有较强的互补性强震具有同步涨落，遥相呼应的相关性，这种相关性天时间上具有步进次序关系，受高层次地震活动韵所制约；空间上则有相近纬度优势呼应现象。初步认为，这两个地区地震的相关现象与共同受到西太平洋消减带的俯冲推挤作用有关。     

Developing a community-based approach to urban redevelopment

The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to analyze the Joint Redevelopment Project (JRP), a housing renewal program in low-income residential communities, and second, to develop a community-based approach to urban redevelopment in Korea. In urban areas of Korea, particularly in Seoul, housing renewal has systematically reduced the supply of substandard housing in the areas where low-income families have concentrated, thereby isolating and marginalizing the displaced tenants. Housing renewal or urban redevelopment projects are basically profit-oriented rather than upgrading-oriented for a community by means of community dynamics and residents' participation. Although many renewal projects have contributed to the increase of homeowners among middle-income families who had enough financial resources for the purchase of a house, there have been no programs giving sufficient consideration to tenants. In fact, most renewal projects displaced low-income residents affected by housing speculation and attracted more middle-income families into the projects.For local governments, a community-based approach to urban policy means encouraging comprehensive planning and cooperation between governments and communities. It is a holistic approach built around families and communities. We need to use a learning and enabling process in order to develop a community-based approach to redevelopment in urban areas of Korea.     

Experimental study on moisture evaporation of lime wastes and marine clay: implications for landfill storage management

A large quantity of by-product lime wastes with high water content produced from chemicals manufacturing processes has been stacked in an open area in Incheon, Korea. Highly alkaline leachate and fine dust emanating from the stacked lime wastes caused an environmental concern in the city. So evaporative drying and stabilization of the fine-grained wastes and use of the on site marine clay as a natural geomembrane liner using drying hardening were considered as a part of a landfill construction plan. Treatment of the lime wastes and marine clay was focused on maximizing the evaporative drying and the density. Evaporation experiments were conducted in field condition to understand evaporation characteristics and to evaluate actual evaporation rate of the lime wastes and marine clay. Local Class A pan evaporation data from a nearby weather station for last 30 years indicated that mean annual and monthly evaporations were 1,178.5 and 98.2 mm, respectively. Relative evaporations of the sludge lime, cake lime, and marine clay compared with the pan evaporation were 114.9, 61.9, and 119.0%, respectively. Estimates of annual evaporations from storage surfaces in the field based on the relative evaporation data were 1,353.6, 729.1, and 1,402.2 mm for the sludge lime, cake lime, and the marine clay, respectively. And annual net evaporations considering rainfall effect were estimated as between 879.9 and 1,082.9 mm for the lime sludge, between 473.9 and 583.3 mm for the lime cake, and between 981.5 and 1,191.9 mm for the marine clay. It was expected that the actual field evaporation rate would be varied with the moisture contents of the lime and the clay. Results of these experiments will provide useful implications for the drying behavior of the by-product lime and the marine clay and landfill or management plan of the storages.     

Engineering characterization of hydraulic properties in a pilot rock cavern for underground LNG storage

Feasibility of storing LNG in a lined rock cavern was evaluated using a pilot cryogenic rock cavern constructed in Daejeon, Korea. The pilot program included hydrogeological and engineering characterization of the rock mass around the cavern, design and construction of a drainage system, and pilot operation of the cryogenic cavern. An appropriate drainage system is most important to protect the containment system of LNG from thermal shocks due to ice lenses and hydrostatic pressure of groundwater. As a part of the pilot program, this study focused on the evaluation of hydraulic and engineering properties of the rock mass around the cavern. For this purpose, engineering logging of the rock cores, single and cross-hole hydraulic tests, and recharge/drainage tests were performed using seven drilled holes with different trends and plunges. Three main joint sets were found from the logging of the rock cores, acoustic borehole televiewer, and window mapping. The orientations of the three major joint sets were 60/209, 40/171, and 29/331, which can provide the main groundwater flow paths. Mean RQD values ranged from 56 to 88, which were classified as fair and good, although varying with depth along single boreholes. Hydraulic conductivity from the single and cross-hole hydraulic tests estimated in the order of 10⁻⁶ or 10⁻⁷ m/s and corresponding transmissivity ranged between 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻⁶ m²/s. Permeable intervals identified from the hydraulic tests were mostly located above the cavern roof. Below the roof, the permeable zone was difficult to observe. According to the hydraulic communication tests performed for some designated intervals, hydraulic connection between boreholes was highly varied with depth or location, which indicated a very different distribution of water conducting joint sets along the boreholes. When water was injected at R1 with constant or varying flow rates, monotonous and stable seepage was observed at observation boreholes. From this, some stable drainage was expected even in relatively heavy rainfalls. When designing the drainage system of the cavern, the drainage holes should be orientated to maximize frequency of encountering the major joint sets and the permeable intervals identified from this study.     

Phanerozoic high-pressure eclogite and intermediate-pressure granulite facies metamorphism in the Gyeonggi Massif, South Korea: Implications for the eastward extension of the Dabie–Sulu continental collision zone

Petrological analysis, zircon trace element analysis and SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating of retrogressed eclogite and garnet granulite from Bibong, Hongseong area, SW Gyeonggi Massif, South Korea provide compelling evidence for Triassic (231.4 ± 3.3 Ma) high-pressure (HP) eclogite facies (M1) metamorphisms at a peak pressure–temperature (P–T) of ca. 16.5–20.0 kb and 775–850 °C. This was followed by isothermal decompression (ITD), with a sharp decrease in pressure from 20 to 10 kb and a slight temperature rise from eclogite facies (M1) to granulite facies (M2), followed by uplift and cooling. Granitic orthogneiss surrounding the Baekdong garnet granulite and the ophiolite-related ultramafic lenticular body near Bibong records evidence for a later Silurian (418 ± 8 Ma) intermediate high-pressure (IHP) granulite facies metamorphism and a prograde P–T path with peak P–T conditions of ca. 13.5 kb and 800 °C. K–Ar ages of biotite from garnet granulites, amphibolites, and granitic orthogneisses in and around the Bibong metabasite lenticular body are 208–219 Ma, recording cooling to about 310 °C after the Early Triassic metamorphic peak. Neoproterozoic zircon cores in the retrogressed eclogite and granitic orthogneiss provide evidence that the protoliths of these rocks were  800 and  900 Ma old, respectively, similar to the ages of tectonic episodes in the Central Orogenic Belt of China. This, and the evidence for Triassic HP/UHP metamorphism in both China and Korea, is consistent with a regional tectonic link within Northeast Asia from the time of Rodinia amalgamation to Triassic continent–continent collision between the North and South China Blocks, and with an eastward extension of the Dabie–Sulu suture zone into the Hongseong area of South Korea.     

Is the Ogcheon metamorphic belt of Korea the eastward continuation of the Nanhua Basin of China?

The Ogcheon metamorphic belt in central Korea has been interpreted to be the eastward extension of the Nanhua Basin (aulacogen) of southeast China. In this paper, comparisons are made between the two regions based on stratigraphic, thermal-tectonic and other considerations. From this comparison, correlation of geological events between the Nanhua Basin and Ogcheon metamorphic belt are at best equivocal. The closest similarity is the presence in both regions of two major diamictite units, of glacial origin and Neoproterozoic age (750–690 Ma range) in China but of controversial origin and uncertain age in Korea. Volcanic rocks in both regions appear to have similar petrological and geochemical traits and are interpreted to be rift-related. However, their ages are different, mostly 795–780 Ma in the Nanhua Basin and c. 750 Ma in central Korea, so correlation remains uncertain. More isotopic data from both regions may shed light on this comparison. Correlation between other pre-Carboniferous stratigraphic units in the two regions is hampered by the uncertainty about the stratigraphic age and succession in the Ogcheon metamorphic belt, stemming mainly from the absence of fossils and the strong tectonic–metamorphic overprint. Both regions appear to have undergone deformation and metamorphism during the Middle Triassic (Indosinian, Songrim), in some uncertain way related to the collision between the North and South China plates. In the Ogcheon metamorphic belt, there has been no confirmation of a Mid Palaeozoic event, but in the Nanhua Basin that event is recorded by stratigraphic and palaeogeographic evidence. In the Nanhua Basin, there is no evidence for an Early Permian metamorphic event that appears, on isotopic grounds, to have affected the Ogcheon metamorphic belt. This apparent difference has been interpreted as a result of diachronous deformation during Late Palaeozoic–Early Mesozoic plate collisions that took place earlier in the east, in Korea, than in the west in China.     

Geoelectric resistivity sounding of riverside alluvial aquifer in an agricultural area at Buyeo,Geum River watershed,Korea: an application to groundwater contamination study

Twenty profiles of vertical electric soundings (VES) were obtained in a riverside alluvium at the Buyeo area, South Korea, to examine the variations of subsurface geology and associated groundwater chemistry. The combination of the VES data with the borehole data provided useful information on subsurface hydrogeologic conditions. The vestige of an ancient river channel (e.g. oxbow lake) was identified on the resistivity profiles by the lateral continuation of a near-surface perched aquifer parallel to the river. Such a perched aquifer is typically developed in the area with a clay-rich silty surface alluvium which prohibits the infiltration of oxygen. Therefore, groundwater below the oxbow lake shows a very low nitrate concentration and Eh values under the strong anoxic condition. The distribution of water resistivity is correlated with that of measured total dissolved solids concentration in groundwater, while the earth resistivity of the aquifer shows a significant spatial variation. It is interpreted that the earth resistivity of the aquifer is mainly controlled by the soil type rather than by the water chemistry in the study area.     

Accounting for spatial patterns of multiple geological data sets in geological thematic mapping using GIS-based spatial analysis

This paper presents a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based spatial analysis scheme to account for spatial patterns and association in geological thematic mapping with multiple geological data sets. The multi-buffer zone analysis, the main part of the present study, was addressed to reveal the spatial pattern around geological source primitives and statistical analysis based on a contingency table was performed to extract information for the assessment of an integrated layer. Mineral potential mapping using multiple geological data sets from Ogdong in Korea was carried out to illustrate application of this methodology. The results obtained from the case study indicated that some geochemical elements and residual magnetic anomaly dominantly affected spatial patterns of the mineral potential map in the study area and the dominant classes of input data layers were also extracted. This information on spatial patterns of multiple geological data sets around mines could be used as effective evidences for the interpretation of the integrated layer within GIS.