中国科学院地理科学领域知识创新工作进展与展望

地理科学领域知识创新工作是中国科学院知识创新工程的重要组成部分。在知识创新工程的启动阶段和全面推进阶段,通过研究机构的结构性调整与重组、重要科研项目的启动和实施、学科支撑体系的加强等,在地理科学领域的理论创新与技术进步、人才队伍的培养与形成、可持续发展能力的增强等方面均取得重要进展。对地理科学的发展态势及知识创新中需要关注的几个问题进行了探讨,对下一阶段中国科学院地理科学领域知识创新工作进行了展望。     

基于知识的点状符号自动识别

文中根据地形图黑版要素中点状符号的特点,总结了6种易于表达的知识特征,并据此提出了一种基于知识的点状符号识别方法。     

基于新疆地震知识的地震预报专家系统的研究

依据新疆南北天山带地震预报实践中b值和η值的异常判据,对运用于地震预报专家系统（ＥＳＣＥＰ）测震学方法的主要异常判别指标进行了个性,并对个性前后的计算结果进行了对比分析,对预报效能进行了评价。结果表明,个性后的专家系统知识库预报效能明显提高,虚报和漏报率明显下降,预报效能明显提高,虚报和漏报率明显下降,预报效能通过检验,说明修改后了专场主家系统知识库更适合新疆地区中短期地震预报。     

地理知识可视化中知识图特征与应用——以小流域淤地坝系规划为例

依据心智表达的双重编码理论、地理的空间图形思维特点以及支持可视化知识探析需求,讨论地理知识可视化中知识图的定义与特点,并把地理知识图分为地理概念命题图与地理相似图解图,地理相似图解图又可分为逻辑拓扑相似图、空间结构相似图、变量关系相似图以及地理过程相似图.以黄土高原的小流域淤地坝系规划为案例,研究了支持坝系空间规划知识图中的概念命题图与相似图解图的形式、种类及其相互关系.     

地理信息系统支持下的山区遥感影像决策树分类

山区遥感影像分类是遥感研究的一大难题。本文利用一种决策树生成算法（C 4.5算法）自动提取知识，基于知识建立决策树用于山区影像分类，并结合研究区土地利用类型与DEM空间统计关系的先验知识，在GIS空间分析的基础上进行影像分类的后处理。与传统的最大似然法分类结果相比，该方法极大地改善了山区地表覆被分类的精度，得到试验区较为可靠的遥感分类图像。     

Turning the Tide: the need for sustainable sea transport in the Pacific

This paper reports on progress in developing a regional research and education strategy for Pacific Island countries and communities wishing to transition to a low carbon sea transport future. Sea transport is an absolute necessity for most such communities. All current services are fossil fuel based and are becoming increasingly unaffordable and unsustainable. The countries in the Pacific region are the most dependent on imported fossil fuels in the world, importing more than 95% of needs. Such dependency is having a crippling effect on national budgets and major impacts on key productive sectors. The region's transport issues are unique; small and vulnerable economies scattered at the ends of some of the longest transportation routes in the world and arguably the most challenging to maintain per capita and per sea mile. Alternatives to current fossil fuel powered sea transport have been almost totally ignored in recent regional and national debates and the issue has been largely invisible within the policy and donor strategy space at all levels despite concerted efforts over more than two decades to transition Pacific countries' electricity sector fossil fuel use. The University of the South Pacific has been collaborating with a network of stakeholders and knowledge partners since 2012 to advance this agenda, building off previous doctoral research and the resultant Sustainable Sea Transport Talanoa 2012. Prasad et al. (2013) set out the basis for a catalytic research program following from the consensually agreed outputs of SSTT 2012 and this paper records the progress made since.     

网络地震谣言监测系统的设计和应用

介绍了一种网络地震谣言监测系统原理,设计思路和应用情况。针对目前互联网上地震谣言频发却又难以及时检测到的问题,用软件方式取代原有的人工监视模式,实现了对网络地震谣言的全天候、高效率的监测。结合网络爬虫和知识库等技术,根据特定的匹配条件对设定范围的网址进行周期性检查,一旦发现疑似谣言信息就以短信和屏幕弹窗方式向值班人员报警。     

Thirty years(1984–2014) of groundwater science teaching and research in China: A dissertation-based bibliometric survey

In order to track the footprint of groundwater science teaching and research in China during the past years, a bibliometric analysis was conducted based on the database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), which covered the time span from 1984 to present and included more than 2.6 million master and doctoral dissertations from hundreds of institutions of Mainland China. The bibliometric analysis summarized output, geographical, and institutional patterns, as well as research directions and hotspots in groundwater studies in China in the period of 1984-2014. A total of 1 396 groundwater-related dissertations including 1 161 master dissertations and 235 doctoral dissertations, contributed by 128 institutions distributed in 53 cities nationwide, were searched out in the database. It can be seen obviously that, the groundwater science teaching and research in China has experienced a notable growth in the past three decades especially during 2000-2014. Groundwater modeling, resource, and exploitation were the top three major subject categories; China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Jilin University and Chang’an University were the top three productive institutions together accounting for more than one third of the total dissertations and 50% of the doctoral dissertations, which further prompted the cities (Beijing, Changchun, and Xi’an) to become the top three productive cities. The dissertations generally covered all the international research topics, which indicated that hydrogeologists in China have tracked the international frontier closely during the past decades. The keywords analysis revealed that, (1) numerical modeling was still the hottest topic and PHREEQC, MODFLOW, GMS, and FEFLOW were the four most used softwares; (2) the topics related with groundwater pollution and quality developed steadily and rapidly; (3) environmental isotopes and GIS were frequently used tools for hydrogeological condition analysis, and spatial data processing respectively; and (4) the unsaturated zone as an integral part of aquifers attracted more and more attentions from hydrogeologists focus on saturated zone.     

Charting the emergence of a ‘knowing system’ for climate change adaptation in Australian regional natural resource management

Climate change increases the complexity and uncertainty of regional natural resource management (NRM), calling into question the appropriateness of linear knowledge-transfer approaches. In this paper we reflect on knowledge practices among a partnership of researchers and NRM planners, under a federal program of NRM investment intended to ‘deliver information’ to regional NRM planners to support planning for climate change. We unpack ‘container’ and ‘conduit’ metaphors of linear, one-way communication invoked by the starting conditions, and explore whether more relational ways of communicating were achieved. A key theme emerged early in the research that NRM planners felt overwhelmed by the sheer volume of information available and discouraged by the irrelevance of much of it to their climate change planning. Our research-practice collaboration unfolded in this context and through ongoing face-to-face and virtual engagement over a period of two years. The collaborative approach featured joint identification of priority activities, co-design of planning approaches, and the iterative co-development of an online ‘information portal’, which acted as a boundary object. We report the emergence of a ‘knowing system’, resulting from these efforts to foster relationships and co-produce boundary objects in a particular geographic context. Our findings highlight the potential benefits of investing in the capacity of researchers and NRM practitioners to engage in collaborative research partnerships premised on the emergence of knowing systems.     

论地理知识图谱

网络文本蕴含大量隐式地理空间信息,为地理知识获取与知识服务提供了巨大潜能。地理知识图谱是将传统地理信息服务拓展到地理知识服务的关键,也是网络文本蕴含地理信息采集与处理的终极目标。本文系统评述了开放地理语义网、开放地理实体及关系抽取、地理语义网对齐、知识图谱存储方法等地理知识图谱相关主题的研究进展,从网络文本蕴含地理空间信息量与质量评价、地理信息语义理解、空间语义计算模型和异构地理语义网对齐等方面剖析了目前亟需解决的关键科学问题。