扎龙湿地沼泽的提取模型研究

利用扎龙湿地TM图像,通过分析各类地物的光谱特征、谱间结构特征以及采样剖面线,发现了扎龙湿地沼泽的光谱特征,并由此建立了一个基于知识发现的沼泽提取模型。提取结果表明,建立的沼泽提取模型能够实现自动提取扎龙湿地的芦苇沼泽,其精度可以达到98%。     

基于SPOT-5影像的河网结构知识挖掘研究

为从SPOT-5图像上提取苏州河网,设计了一种按层次进行的河网结构类型识别方法。首先,针对苏州河网总体结构特征,选择出典型判别因子；然后,用其中某一个或几个判别因子进行判别,按照统计特征分成可能的几个类别,再在结果类别中利用其它因子进行下一步判别。这样,以二分法的方式逐层深入地进行分类,最后达到河网结构类别识别的目的。     

Towards a knowledge base to support global change policy goals

ABSTRACT

In 2015, it was adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The year after, 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) officially came into force. In 2015, GEO (Group on Earth Observation) declared to support the implementation of SDGs. The GEO Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) required a change of paradigm, moving from a data-centric approach to a more knowledge-driven one. To this end, the GEO System-of-Systems (SoS) framework may refer to the well-known Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom (DIKW) paradigm. In the context of an Earth Observation (EO) SoS, a set of main elements are recognized as connecting links for generating knowledge from EO and non-EO data – e.g. social and economic datasets. These elements are: Essential Variables (EVs), Indicators and Indexes, Goals and Targets. Their generation and use requires the development of a SoS KB whose management process has evolved the GEOSS Software Ecosystem into a GEOSS Social Ecosystem. This includes: collect, formalize, publish, access, use, and update knowledge. ConnectinGEO project analysed the knowledge necessary to recognize, formalize, access, and use EVs. The analysis recognized GEOSS gaps providing recommendations on supporting global decision-making within and across different domains.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Steak up to the horns</Emphasis>!

Recent conversations concerning organic food systems have focused on the conventionalization hypothesis, which posits that the organic food sector has become increasingly bifurcated between “historical” players in the organic movement on one side, and on the other by distributors and industrial operators recently arrived in the sector, who practice a more conventionalized form of organic agriculture which is now on the ascendancy. The most prominent explanations for the growth and dominance of a conventionalized organic food system have been economic, based in the logics of input costs, especially land rent. We use the cases of the Belgian Blue commodity system and the Belgian organic beef commodity system to argue that conventionalization is also cognitive. To understand the role of cognition in the ascendance of the conventional organic food sector, we utilize concept of “référentiel”—or system of cognitive references—as developed by Muller and Jobert. We believe that comparing organic and conventional practices as two systems of cognitive references makes a deeper understanding of conventionalization possible in two ways: first because it makes it clear that the two systems coexist on a cognitive level, understood in a broad sense as tightly knit sets of knowledges, beliefs, standards, and images. Secondly, the concept of référentiel enables one to understand how the conventional system can become irreversible (lock-in effect) and thus incompatible with the development of the organic system.

Science-based coastal management in Fiji: Two case studies from the NGO sector

The effectiveness of coastal management in developing countries is widely perceived to be inhibited by a lack of scientific data on the coastal zone. To try to fill this need for information, donors and big international non-governmental organizations are increasingly initiating large-scale, science-driven conservation programs, with the goal of creating and using management relevant transdisciplinary datasets. In Oceania, these programs are entering a context where local ecological knowledge is already informing existing community-based approaches to coastal management. This paper examines two large-scale programs in Fiji, the Marine Management Area Science initiative and the Vatu-i-Ra and Cakau Levu Reefs Seascape Project, and offers insight relevant to the planning and implementation of similar programs where local management systems are already in place. Research methods used to examine the programs included document analysis, direct observation, and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders over multiple field visits to Fiji in 2009 and 2010. Results suggest that as donors, non-governmental organizations, and partners move forward in implementing these programs, there must be active steps taken to bridge boundaries between disciplines and among knowledge systems, evaluate the added value of science for all stakeholder groups, and build opportunities for datasets to be used after donor funding ends.     

Why people matter in ocean governance: Incorporating human dimensions into large-scale marine protected areas

Large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs) are rapidly increasing. Due to their sheer size, complex socio-political realities, and distinct local cultural perspectives and economic needs, implementing and managing LSMPAs successfully creates a number of human dimensions challenges. It is timely and important to explore the human dimensions of LSMPAs. This paper draws on the results of a global “Think Tank on the Human Dimensions of Large Scale Marine Protected Areas” involving 125 people from 17 countries, including representatives from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, academia, professionals, industry, cultural/indigenous leaders and LSMPA site managers. The overarching goal of this effort was to be proactive in understanding the issues and developing best management practices and a research agenda that address the human dimensions of LSMPAs. Identified best management practices for the human dimensions of LSMPAs included: integration of culture and traditions, effective public and stakeholder engagement, maintenance of livelihoods and wellbeing, promotion of economic sustainability, conflict management and resolution, transparency and matching institutions, legitimate and appropriate governance, and social justice and empowerment. A shared human dimensions research agenda was developed that included priority topics under the themes of scoping human dimensions, governance, politics, social and economic outcomes, and culture and tradition. The authors discuss future directions in researching and incorporating human dimensions into LSMPAs design and management, reflect on this global effort to co-produce knowledge and re-orient practice on the human dimensions of LSMPAs, and invite others to join a nascent community of practice on the human dimensions of large-scale marine conservation.     

The emergence of a hybrid mode of knowledge production in the Generation Challenge Programme Rice Research Network (GCP-RRN) in India: Exploring the concept of Commons-Based Peer Production (CBPP)

The Generation Challenge Programme (GCP) was an international agrarian knowledge-production programme created in 2003 by the CGIAR. GCP aims at developing drought tolerant varieties by reconciling upstream biotechnology based advanced research with the downstream development at the farmer's field. The objective of this paper is to apply the theory of Commons Based Peer Production (CBPP) to analyse the knowledge production process of GCP, especially the case of drought tolerant rice research network in Indian context (GCP-RRN). CBPP represents the theorisation of a mode of production that can be distinguished from market (private) and state (public) knowledge-production systems that was developed by observing the phenomena of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS). The organisational attributes of the CBPP mode applied in computer software production include the modulation of work, small-size granularity of components, and mechanisms that integrate these modules into an end product. Socio-economically, this form of production is based on cooperation, collaboration and collective action rather than property, contract and managerial hierarchies. This paper argues that GCP-RRN knowledge production is basically a hybridised one in which there are certain inclinations towards CBPP within certain larger context, and there are other attributes too that do not fall within CBPP theorisation. Further, this paper elaborates on the implications of this hybridised model for agrarian knowledge production discourse and institutions.     

知识经济时代对财会人员的素质要求

当今时代正处在由工业经济向知识经济过渡的新时期。我国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设事业蓬勃发展 ,社会主义市场经济体制逐步完善 ,加入WTO已成定局。为适应新形势的要求 ,财会人员面临新的挑战 ,肩负艰巨的任务 ,要求具备更高的素质     

Constituting the space for decision making—Conflicting calculations in a dispute over fuel choice at a local heating plant

The paper focuses on the role of economic calculations in a dispute over the use of an alternative fuel at a heating plant. Our emphasis is on the spatial effects of the calculations: on the interplay between distanciated, standardised knowledge and local interpretations. Our conclusion is that the calculations were not only passive resources for argumentation but became performative during the public dispute over the heating plant. They affected the socio-material decision-making situation by homogenising and centralising heterogeneous elements and constituting relations between them in a novel way. The performance of the calculations affected the spatial formation of the object of decision making in the way that was not in the control of the human actors. The heating plant case helps to understand the intricate nature of governing economic activities: how calculations, as technologies of governing, connect to and reshape existing socio-material relationships.     

知识密集型服务业空间关联特征及其动力机制分析——基于广东省21个地级市的实证

以转型中的经济大省广东为例,运用探索性空间数据分析法和空间常系数模型,分析广东省知识密集型服务业(KIBS)发展水平的地区差异、空间关联特征及其动力机制,研究结论表明:1广东省各地级市KIBS产出总体上以珠三角城市最高,但各行业存在空间差异;2广东省地级市KIBS呈空间正相关特点,但空间结构极不平衡,呈"总体分散、局部集中"分布格局,珠三角内诸城市属于KIBS热点区域,是高值集聚区,粤东西北的大部分城市是位于冷点区域,4 a间没有突破低值集聚的现状,也揭示了珠三角地区内相邻城市的KIBS具有竞争性,尚未形成有效的扩散-协同的发展格局;3广东省KIBS空间格局的动力因子分析表明:城市化、工业化、信息化、经济外向度和交通通达性均对KIBS发展有促进作用,而市场需求对KIBS发展产生负向影响。