基于知识与规则的城市管线数据计算机监理校验

本文通过对城市管线数据的分析与处理，得到对城市管线数据进行计算机监理校验的知识与规则，并利用这些知识与规则进行综合的城市管线数据校验。     

A conceptual template for integrative human–environment research

Knowledge integration, the blending of concepts from two or more disciplines to create innovative new worldviews, is a key process in attempts to increase the sustainability of human activities on Earth. In this paper, we describe a ‘conceptual template’ that can be used to catalyse this process. The template comprises (a) a list of high-level concepts that capture the essential aspects of any significant human–environment problem, plus (b) broad lists of low-level basic concepts drawn from a range of disciplines. Our high-level concepts, which we call ‘conceptual clusters’, are labelled Dynamics & System, Organisation & Scale, Controlling Models, Management & Policy, Adaptation & Learning, and History. Many of the clustered, lower-level concepts are synonyms and thus provide possible connections between disciplines—for this reason we call them ‘nexus concepts’. We suggest that a conceptual template like that presented here can provide strong support to the initial phases of integrative research programs.     

面向地理特征的制图综合指标体系和知识法则的建立与应用研究

本文以地球系统科学、地球信息科学和现代地图学的理论、方法和技术为指导,系统地研究和建立了面向地理特征的制图综合的指标体系和知识法则,并进行了实例应用分析。研究方法是采用地学分析和归纳、地图分析、专家咨询、ＧＩＳ和遥感空间分析等方法来总结、提炼和建立制图综合的指标体系和知识法则。指标类型包括数据指标、文字说明指标、图形指标３种,共分数据库概括(即语义概括)和地图可视化概括(即图形概括)两类。知识法则在横向由几何性知识、结构性知识、过程性知识构成,在纵向按照地物的地理特征描述性知识、操作项选择知识规则、算法选择知识规则、面向专门地理要素和制图综合知识规则、面向区域制图综合的知识规则等过程和方面来组织和分类。在知识库中则按照概括条件、概括行为和概括要求(或概括水平)３个变量来组织,形成三维坐标关系的知识法则内部体系。在实例分析中阐述了珠江三角洲经济区的交通网络图的制图综合过程和结果。     

知识型水利—中国水利的发展方向

现代科技突飞猛进，世界经济正由物资经济向知识经济转变。水利为国民经济的基础，必须顺应时代发展的潮流，发展知识型水利。知识型水利是指以知识和技术高度密集为基础的水利，是一种以现代科学技术为核心建立在知识信息的生产、存储、使用和消化之上的水利。发展知识型水利，这既是新时代的要求，是由我国的现实国情决定的，也是促进我国水利可持续发展，走向市场提高经济效益的有效途径。走具有中国特色的知识型水利，要依靠科技进步，提高科技在水利经济增长中的贡献率，要发展水利产业化经营，提高人员文化素质，保护环境，实现水利可持续发展。     

层间剪切带工程地质专家系统知识模型的建立

层间剪切带工程地质专家系统是一个专门对层间剪切带工程地质问题进行研究和评价的实用型专家系统。本文介绍了为研制该系统而建立起来的领域知识结构模型, 该知识模型是在总结、归纳该领域三位著名专家的知识和经验的基础上建立起来的, 是专家系统知识表达及推理策略的基础。     

数据库中的知识发现及其在气象中的应用

介绍了数据库中的知识发现 (KDD)和数据挖掘 (DM)的基本概念和处理过程 ,然后分析了数据挖掘所使用的方法 ,讨论了数据挖掘的应用 ,并给出了应用于气象领域的数据挖掘工具的设计方案。     

土地调查系统中地籍图生产的关键技术探讨

本文对地籍图生产的传统模式进行了介绍,并从地图数据采集组织模式、基于地理数据库的地图数据管理模式、基于知识库的地籍图生产模式等方面对土地调查系统中地籍图生产的关键技术进行了探讨。     

Voices for environmental action? Analyzing narrative in environmental governance networks in the Pacific Islands

As climate change pushes against the shorelines of the Pacific Islands, strategies to coalesce power to mitigate for and adapt to environmental degradation become even more relevant. One mechanism employed by the Pacific Islands to overcome conflict is the formation of climate networks that work together to meet the needs of the islands as a region. During this process of networked governance, however, contestations occur between the local and global strategies and knowledges that must be navigated by state and nonstate organizations in these networks in order to achieve their respective aims. In order to gain authority to make decisions and govern on climate issues, these networks employ particular narratives—constructions of the hero, victim, and villain, both human and nonhuman, in the story of climate policy—that both produce and are produced by these local/global contestations. This article explores these issues in the context of the Pacific Island Forum and Pacific Island Development Forum summits leading up to the 2015 Conference of the Parties, and their final climate declarations. Through this investigation, two competing narratives are found—the global technical narrative and the local power narrative. These narratives impacted the deliberations and subsequent climate declarations in these Pacific summits, with both the global technical narrative of the Pacific Island Forum summit and the local power narrative of the Pacific Island Development Forum summit being evident in their final declarations. These narrative constructions have consequences for the representativeness of the decisions made in these networks.     

Linking model design and application for transdisciplinary approaches in social-ecological systems

As global environmental change continues to accelerate and intensify, science and society are turning to transdisciplinary approaches to facilitate transitions to sustainability. Modeling is increasingly used as a technological tool to improve our understanding of social-ecological systems (SES), encourage collaboration and learning, and facilitate decision-making. This study improves our understanding of how SES models are designed and applied to address the rising challenges of global environmental change, using mountains as a representative system. We analyzed 74 peer-reviewed papers describing dynamic models of mountain SES, evaluating them according to characteristics such as the model purpose, data and model type, level of stakeholder involvement, and spatial extent/resolution. Slightly more than half the models in our analysis were participatory, yet only 21.6% of papers demonstrated any direct outreach to decision makers. We found that SES models tend to under-represent social datasets, with ethnographic data rarely incorporated. Modeling efforts in conditions of higher stakeholder diversity tend to have higher rates of decision support compared to situations where stakeholder diversity is absent or not addressed. We discuss our results through the lens of appropriate technology, drawing on the concepts of boundary objects and scalar devices from Science and Technology Studies. We propose four guiding principles to facilitate the development of SES models as appropriate technology for transdisciplinary applications: (1) increase diversity of stakeholders in SES model design and application for improved collaboration; (2) balance power dynamics among stakeholders by incorporating diverse knowledge and data types; (3) promote flexibility in model design; and (4) bridge gaps in decision support, learning, and communication. Creating SES models that are appropriate technology for transdisciplinary applications will require advanced planning, increased funding for and attention to the role of diverse data and knowledge, and stronger partnerships across disciplinary divides. Highly contextualized participatory modeling that embraces diversity in both data and actors appears poised to make strong contributions to the world’s most pressing environmental challenges.     

地震预报专家系统ESEP 3.0中的知识表示方法

知识表示是专家系统建造中的一个关键环节，知识表示方法的好坏直接关系到系统的智能水平和解决问题的能力。在地震预报专家系统ESEP3．0中有多种知识表示方法，本文介绍了该系统的结构知识、地震学和前兆预报知识、机器学习知识、综合预报知识、确定异常证据可信度知识以及支持知识等多种知识表示方法，提出了确定异常证据可信度模型。这些知识表示方法可以很好地表示各类地震预报知识。