贯通式空气潜孔锤反循环钻进技术在岩溶地区水井钻探施工中的参数特征及应用

在岩溶地区进行水井钻探施工中,常见溶洞、裂隙串等复杂地层,给施工带来了较大的困难.本文以近年在贵州省实施的地下水勘查项目中,分别选择了白云岩地区与灰岩岩石地区的一水井施工为贯通式空气潜孔锤反循环钻进的实验场,通过施工实践,总结了该工艺在岩溶地区的参数体系特征.以此为基础,经应用解决了岩溶地区溶洞、裂隙串等复杂地层的钻进问题,并取得了较好的效果.     

Discovery of Messinian canyons and new seismic stratigraphic model,offshore Provence (SE France): Implications for the hydrographic network reconstruction

The interpretation of high-resolution 2D marine seismic profiles together with the analysis of sea-bottom cores allowed a stratigraphic and structural framework of the Provence continental shelf to be proposed. The integration of onshore and offshore stratigraphy, structure and geomorphology provided new insights into Messinian paleotopography and paleohydrography. A geological map of the offshore Provence continental shelf, isobath map of the base Plio-Quaternary surface are presented for the first time in this area. The base Plio-Quaternary surface is a polyphased unconformity that is composed of deep canyons developed by fluvial erosion during the Messinian event, and wave-cut surfaces formed during post-Messinian transgressions. The study evidenced a deep, E–W-trending canyon (Bandol canyon) connected to the head of the Cassidaigne canyon, and filled with up to 600 m-thick Plio-Quaternary deposits. The development of canyons on the Provence margin during the Messinian event was dominantly controlled by the lithology and structure of pre-Messinian formations. A map of the Messinian paleo-drainage network is proposed to explain the presence of deep canyons in the Eastern area and the lack of incision in the Western area. An underground karst drainage scheme is proposed, linked with the current submarine Port-Miou spring.     

3D seismic analysis of karstified interbedded carbonates and evaporites,Lower Permian Gipsdalen Group,Loppa High,southwestern Barents Sea

This paper presents a detailed seismic analysis of a hitherto undescribed Permian succession interpreted to consist of interbedded anhydrite and carbonate from the northern flank of the Loppa High, western Barents Sea. The Fafner succession forms a locally restricted transgressive unit down-dip on the rotated Loppa High. It is subdivided into four seismic sequences each interpreted to be composed of a basal transgressive anhydrite overlain by highstand carbonates. Fafner seismic sequences 2 and 3 include well-developed buildup complexes which in map view form polygonal patterns.Analysis of attribute maps indicates that the Fafner succession is overprinted by two dissolution systems related to two prominent events of subaerial exposure, creating numerous paleo-sinkholes, breccia-pipes, and collapsed composite cavern systems.The stratigraphical position of the Fafner succession, below the Mid Sakmarian – Artinskian Bjarmeland Group and above the Top Ørn unconformity, resembles that of the Lower Permian Gipshuken Formation on Spitsbergen, and the Fafner succession is thus regarded as its offshore equivalent.     

Comparison of land surface scheme simulations with field observations versus atmospheric model output as forcing

ABSTRACT

The low density of meteorological stations in parts of Canada necessitates using numerical weather prediction (NWP)/assimilation output for hydrological modelling. In this study, comparisons are made of simulated land surface variables when using field observations versus NWP output as forcing for two well-instrumented sites: the mountainous and forested Marmot Creek Basin (MCRB) in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, and a prairie cropland/grassland site (Kenaston). The Canadian Land Surface Scheme 3.6 (CLASS) was used for modelling. The Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model with Canadian Precipitation Analysis (CaPA) was also used as forcing. There was good agreement between observed meteorology and GEM/CaPA, though some deficiencies in GEM/CaPA were identified: the effects of sub-grid topography on incoming radiation and wind speed were not accounted for at MCRB, and CaPA did not capture some convective rainfall events at Kenaston. CLASS simulations using both sets of forcing showed difficulties in simulating snow depth, soil moisture and evapotranspiration; certain difficulties were linked to GEM/CaPA deficiencies and/or CLASS. Both sets of forcing tended to overestimate the duration of snow cover at MCRB, but during different years. With GEM/CaPA as forcing, CLASS overestimated the duration of frozen soils. The GEM/CaPA precipitation difficulties at Kenaston degraded soil moisture simulations.

EDITOR A. Castellarin; ASSOCIATE EDITOR E. Volpi     

Hydrogeochemical evolution of Ordovician limestone groundwater in Yanzhou,North China

Major‐ion compositions of groundwater are employed in this study of the water–rock interactions and hydrogeochemical evolution within a carbonate aquifer system. The groundwater samples were collected from boreholes or underground tunnels in the Ordovician limestone of Yanzhou Coalfield where catastrophic groundwater inflows can be hazardous to mining and impact use of the groundwater as a water supply. The concentration of total dissolved solid (TDS) ranged from 961 to 3555 mg/l and indicates moderately to highly mineralized water. The main water‐type of the middle Ordovician limestone groundwater is Ca‐Mg‐SO₄, with SO₄^2‐ ranging from 537 to 2297 mg/l, and average values of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ of 455.7 and 116.6 mg/l, respectively. The water samples were supersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite and undersaturated or saturated with respect to gypsum. Along the general flow direction, deduced from increases of TDS and Cl^‐, the main water–rock interactions that caused hydrogeochemical evolution of the groundwater within the aquifer were the dissolution of gypsum, the precipitation of calcite, the dissolution or precipitation of dolomite, and ion exchange. Ion exchange is the major cause for the lower mole concentration of Ca²⁺ than that of SO₄^2‐. The groundwater level of Ordovician aquifer is much higher than that of C‐P coal‐bearing aquifers, so the potential flow direction is upward, and the pyrite in coal is not a possible source of sulfate; additional data on the stable sulfur and oxygen isotopic composition of the sulfate may be helpful to identify its origin. Although ion exchange probably accounts for the higher mole concentration of Na⁺ than that of Cl^‐, the dissolution of aluminosilicate cannot be ruled out. The data evaluation methods and results of this study could be useful in other areas to understand flow paths in aquifers and to provide information needed to identify the origin of groundwater. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塔河油田五区奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶地层测井响应特征

溶蚀孔洞是塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩的主要储渗空间,因此研究碳酸盐岩岩溶测井响应特征以弄清其发育规律具有重要意义.在分析研究区内的岩溶地质特征之后,根据钻井揭示的岩溶型储集层,对岩心、测井特征进行了对比和归纳梳理,进而提炼了奥陶系岩溶发育带的测井响应特征.结合前人对岩溶风化壳发育的控制因素和分布特征的研究,依托岩心和成像测井资料刻度的岩溶带常规测井响应特征,在垂向上将岩溶层划分为表生岩溶带、垂直渗流岩溶带和水平潜流岩溶带,并对其分布规律进行了研究.结果表明:研究区地表岩溶带较发育,且基本属于未充填-半充填,是有利储集层发育的层位;潜流岩溶带不甚发育,基本被充填.总体上看,自东南向西北,溶洞发育带的分布密度逐渐增大,表明古岩溶作用的强度向西北方向逐渐增强.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系风化壳储层稀土元素配分特征及其油气地质意义

对鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奧陶系马家沟组风化壳岩溶储层的碳酸盐岩、硫酸盐岩和碎屑岩类岩石样品以及上覆层本溪组碎屑岩样品所作的稀土元素含量与配分特征分析表明,稀土元素分馏特征与富集特征明显,非可溶岩的稀土元素总含量与富集程度高于可溶岩。轻、重稀土元素关系分析表明,可溶岩的轻稀土元素迁移大于重稀土元素的分馏效应,揭示了可溶岩经历了不同的岩溶环境,马家沟组碎屑岩中的稀土元素与上覆层本溪组底部砂泥岩中的稀土元素是同源的。δEu与δCe分析表明,δEu的活化迁移,反映了表生期岩溶环境的存在,而δCe的相对富集,揭示了埋藏期岩溶的发育及其与天然气生成运聚的密切关系。     

综合超前地质预报在西南溶岩隧道施工中的应用

在分析铁路隧道建设中常用的超前地质预报方法的基础上,通过地质调查对云南省某在建铁路隧道进行风险定级,并采用与风险等级相应的综合预报方案,准确地预报了该隧道潜在的地质灾害.根据预报结果及时调整了施工和应急方案,有效地预防了施工事故,减少了工程损失,保证了施工安全.     

新疆西昆仑特格里曼苏砂岩型铜矿地质特征及成因探讨

特格里曼苏铜矿产于库山河群(C1k)砂岩中,矿体呈层状、似层状产出,受地层控制,浅色砂岩与紫色砂岩的交互带是铜矿体产出的最有利层位.通过对含矿砂岩胶结物的研究,认为赋矿砂岩中胶结物类型主要有碳酸盐胶结、硅质胶结、泥质胶结和铁质胶结4种,常见的胶结物组合类型有碳酸盐—硅质胶结组合、碳酸盐—泥质胶结组合、硅质—泥质胶结组合、铁质—泥质—碳酸盐胶结组合;矿化常发生于具碳酸盐—硅质胶结组合的砂岩中,铜矿物与硅质胶结物伴生.通过对含矿砂岩胶结物中流体包裹体研究,得到成矿流体为低温、低盐度流体.认为矿床成因为沉积成岩成因,古陆的风化剥蚀提供了基本的成矿物质,沉积物的搬运沉积形成了矿源层,成岩作用时期由于有机质及细菌的作用、氧化还原条件的改变,在成岩流体的迁移下造成了铜质的局部再富集,形成具有工业意义的铜矿体.     

广西环江锥状峰丛喀斯特景观演化机制

广西环江喀斯特世界自然遗产提名地是贵州荔波喀斯特世界自然遗产地的拓展地。环江喀斯特地貌发育演化受岩性、地质构造、断层、节理、裂隙和地下水文系统等因素影响。岩层由纯度较高的石灰岩和白云岩等可溶性碳酸盐岩构成,地壳运动使该地抬升,岩层受力发生褶皱并隆起断裂,断层节理发育;降雨、较高的温度以及地表-地下水对可溶性岩石进行侵蚀-溶蚀作用,使侵蚀基准面下降,河流下切,地表因长时间受剥蚀和溶蚀,地貌演化由幼年期经青年期进入壮年晚期。发育成峰丛谷地、洼地、峡谷及峰林洼地、谷地、盆地和多层洞穴等为主的形态多样的锥状喀斯特地貌景观。环江喀斯特自寒武纪以来经历了形成山间盆地和石炭系巨厚碳酸盐岩的沉积成岩阶段及喀斯特化作用,地貌发育演化经过3个主要阶段,即褶皱断块山地―盆地形成阶段、喀斯特峰丛―峰林发育阶段和喀斯特峡谷形成阶段。演化模式遵循峰丛洼地→峰丛谷地→峰丛峡谷→峰林洼地→峰林谷地地有序正向演替规律。揭示了热带-亚热带锥状喀斯特地貌发育主要阶段及演化过程。