不同地质条件下植物叶片中钙形态对比研究——以贵州茂兰为例

贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区是全球亚热带地区少有的岩溶森林区,对其进行岩溶生态系统研究具有重要意义。本文选择保护区岩溶区(石灰岩、白云岩)板寨地下河流域、非岩溶区(砂岩、页岩区)尧排流域,对不同地质条件下植物叶片中钙形态进行对比研究;采集岩溶区、非岩溶区植物品种各13种,其中岩溶区、非岩溶区特有植物品种各6种,分析其叶片中钙质总量、形态及分布部位(亚细胞组分)。结果显示:1)岩溶区植物叶片钙质含量平均为1216.82 mg/kg,比非岩溶区高出58.45%;2)岩溶区嗜钙型植物叶片中钙以果胶酸钙形态为主,其含量占总钙质量的27.91%~32.82%;而非岩溶区嫌钙型植物叶片中的钙以草酸钙形态为主,占总钙质量的33.69%~34.34%;3)岩溶区嗜钙型植物叶片中的钙主要赋存在细胞壁中,占总钙质的59.05%~66.54%,而非岩溶区嫌钙型植物叶片中的钙主要赋存在胞质中,占总钙质的36.67%~43.77%。     

昆明市黑龙潭岩溶泉对不同降雨过程的响应

在利用CTDP300多参数水质自动记录仪对黑龙潭弱承压岩溶泉物理化学参数连续监测基础上,重点探讨了黑龙潭泉在无雨、连续弱降雨和连续强降雨3种情境模式下的泉水物理化学参数变化特征。结果表明:(1)在无雨条件下,气温对黑龙潭水物理化学日动态有重要影响,电导率与pH值与气温显正相关。pH值的滞后与植被的光合作用、呼吸作用有关。(2)连续弱降雨下,物理化学动态变化幅度小,滞后降雨时间约半个月。电导率没有出现大幅降低是由于下渗降水在含水层中与碳酸盐岩有充分时间接触溶蚀造成的。(3)黑龙潭物理化学动态对强降雨十分敏感,滞后时间约为四五天。电导率先快速下降,后迅速回升,水温在整个过程中表现为缓慢下滑。pH没有大幅变化。     

广花盆地西北部赤坭镇岩溶发育规律

根据现场综合岩溶地质调查结果,分析了广花盆地西北部赤坭镇的自然地质环境条件、岩溶发育程度和地面塌陷分布特征,探讨了岩溶在水平面上及垂向上的分布特征及成因.结果表明:广花盆地西北部赤坭镇存在大面积的隐伏岩溶分布区,岩溶发育程度严重不均;区内岩溶发育往往受地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造以及水文地质条件等多种因素控制;岩溶发育程度的差异是控制地面塌陷的主要因素.     

广东省廉江市北部湾大道岩溶地面塌陷稳定性评价

北部湾大道位于灰岩分布区,灰岩为石炭系天子岭组,岩溶发育,表层被第四系冲积层覆盖,岩土稳定性较差。通过分析工程沿线地质环境条件,采用层次分析和模糊综合评判方法（AHP-FUZZY）对岩溶地面塌陷进行综合评判,并依据评判结果进行岩溶地面塌陷发育强弱分区,进而对未来岩溶塌陷发展趋势作出预测与评价。     

基于WellTester的岩溶含水层水文地质参数估算

Well Tester是计算地热含水层水文地质参数的软件,该软件通过对水压力过程曲线进行拟合,进行参数计算。该软件界面友好、操作简单,且具有输出单井报告功能。文章对Well Tester软件各模块及各界进行简要介绍的基础上,以＂北京岩溶水资源勘查评价工程＂中新建岩溶水井为例,对各个操作步骤进行了介绍。通过对比分析Well Tester软件与经验法的结果,表明该软件可对岩溶裂隙含水层的水文地质参数进行计算,且该软件对成井质量评价有一定指导意义。目前该软件还未广泛应用于岩溶裂隙含水层,为获取较多的水文地质参数,笔者认为该软件在我国具有一定的推广价值。     

北京西山黑龙关泉域岩溶水系统边界与水文地质性质

北方岩溶水系统具有固定补给范围和资源要素,是岩溶地下水进行独立循环的基本单元,控制了岩溶水的运移富集、水化学演化特征、资源构成以及环境地质问题。开展岩溶水系统研究的首要任务是确定系统边界位置及其水文地质性质。以北京西山黑龙关泉域岩溶水系统为研究对象,采用地质学、岩溶动力学、流体动力学、水文地球化学、地球物理勘探等方法,确定黑龙关泉域岩溶水系统是由南部大石河背斜岩溶水子系统和北部百花山向斜南翼岩溶水子系统2个次级系统组成;其含水岩层分别为蓟县系铁岭组、雾迷山组和青白口系景儿峪组、奥陶系、寒武系碳酸盐岩。根据边界的水文地质性质可以划分为地表分水岭边界、地下分水岭边界、隔水边界、岩溶含水层深埋滞流性边界等类型。     

济南市岩溶水中铅的分布特征及污染来源分析

＂泉城＂济南是一个富含岩溶地下水的城市,泉水甘甜。近年来,城市化发展带来环境污染。为查明重金属在岩溶地下水的分布特征,选取代表性元素Pb作为研究对象,对研究区的164个岩溶地下水样品进行了Pb含量的分析。分析结果表明,研究区内岩溶地下水中Pb元素含量不仅在空间上分布有规律,同时也跟工业废水和废渣排放、水位埋深及其它元素和离子之间有相关关系,进一步分析污染来源,为研究区域岩溶水环境污染防治提供科学依据。     

Source and genesis of sulphate and phosphate–sulphate minerals in a quartz‐sandstone cave environment

Gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O), alunite (KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆), and rare phosphate–sulphate sanjuanite Al₂(PO₄)(SO₄)(OH) 9(H₂O) and rossiantonite (Al₃(PO₄)(SO₄) 2(OH)₂(H₂O)₁₄) have recently been identified as secondary mineral deposits in different quartz‐sandstone caves in the Gran Sabana region, Venezuela. Due to the extended time scale required for speleogenesis in the hard and barely soluble quartz‐sandstone lithology, these caves are considered to be as old as 20 to 30 My. The study of these peculiar secondary mineral deposits potentially reveals important insights for understanding the interaction between deep, superficial and atmospheric processes over thousands to perhaps millions of years. In this study, chemical and petrographic analyses of potential host rock sources, sulphur and oxygen isotope ratios, and meteorological, hydrological and geographical data are used to investigate the origin of sulphates and phospho–sulphates. The results suggest that the deposition of sulphates in these caves is not linked to the quartz‐sandstone host rock. Rather, these mineral deposits originate from an external atmospheric sulphate source, with potential contributions of marine non‐sea salt sulphates, terrestrial dimethyl sulphide and microbially reduced H₂S from the forests or peatbogs within the watershed. Air currents within the caves are the most plausible means of transport for aerosols, driving the accumulation of sulphates and other secondary minerals in specific locations. Moreover, the studied sulphate minerals often co‐occur with silica speleothems of biological origin. Although this association would suggest a possible biogenic origin for the sulphates as well, direct evidence proving that microbes are involved in their formation is absent. Nonetheless, this study demonstrates that these quartz‐sandstone caves accumulate and preserve allogenic sulphates, playing a yet unrecognized role in the sulphur cycle of tropical environments.     

Agriculturally induced environmental changes in the Burren Karst,Western Ireland

 The Burren plateau of County Clare is a classic example of a plateau karst characterised by patchy, thin soils, a lack of defined surface drainage, and in the instance of the Burren, a rich floristic, archaeological and landscape heritage. Since accession to the European Union and, in particular, as a result of Common Agricultural Policy initiatives, attempts have been made to raise farm incomes and to modernise agriculture in areas such as the Burren. Due to the encouragement of land reclamation and silage production has largely replaced hay farming for winter fodder. These changes pose a threat to groundwater quality by enhancing the leaching of artificial fertilizers or of organic pollutants. The Burren is highly vulnerable to water pollution from silage effluent because of its thin or absent soils and its highly karstified aquifers. A full survey of silage clamps was made in the summers of 1991 and 1992. For each site data were collected to derive the following: mass of silage, effluent produced, hazard rating of site to groundwater, likely discharge of effluent to groundwater and groundwater dilution index. About 60% of clamps were considered to be high risk and 23% medium risk. About 92% of all sites probably allow some effluent to infiltrate groundwater. Received: 1 June 1995 · Accepted: 4 December 1995     

山东峄城盆地岩溶发育的基本规律及与水源地形成的关系

山东省枣庄市峄城水源地是个典型的北方埋藏型岩溶水水源地。峄城盆地出露的岩溶地貌有干谷、溶洞、岩溶准平原、溶蚀裂隙、溶沟、溶槽、溶痕等 ,地下岩溶形态主要为溶洞、溶蚀裂隙和溶孔 ,岩溶的发育具有层控性、水平分带和垂直分带等特点和规律。该盆地岩溶水系统的含水介质为寒武系、奥陶系的灰岩、白云岩 ,以溶隙、溶孔为主加少量小型溶洞构成了一个统一的互相连通的地下水空隙网络系统 ,为地下水的运移、储存提供了通道和空间。岩溶水流在此空隙网络系统内具有渗流性质 ,流态以层流为主 ,形成一个基本统一的单斜扇形水动力网 ,并具有统一的水化学场。该盆地分间接补给、直接补给、汇集排泄和汇集四个输导功能区。并在汇集区形成了具有供水意义的大型岩溶水水源地