中尺度模式对冬季兰州市低空风场和温度场的数值模拟

利用美国NCAR新一代中尺度模式MM5V3，对山谷城市兰州冬季风场和温度场进行了数值模拟研究。模拟结果与现有理论及观测事实基本一致。表明MM5V3中尺度模式可用于研究山谷城市的大气边界层情况，模式能够较好地模拟山谷城市冬季边界层的风场和温度场特征，模拟结果分析表明，位于河谷盆地内的兰州，冬季近地面风场是山谷风环流和城市热岛环流共同作用的结果，冬季夜间地面流场辐合明显，低空盛行东风，夜间距地300m左右，风向转变为偏西风，白天风向转变高度高于夜间，大约在500m以上；冬季温度场逆温特征明显。     

Assessing gaps in irrigated agricultural productivity through satellite earth observations—A case study of the Fergana Valley,Central Asia

Improving crop area and/or crop yields in agricultural regions is one of the foremost scientific challenges for the next decades. This is especially true in irrigated areas because sustainable intensification of irrigated crop production is virtually the sole means to enhance food supply and contribute to meeting food demands of a growing population. Yet, irrigated crop production worldwide is suffering from soil degradation and salinity, reduced soil fertility, and water scarcity rendering the performance of irrigation schemes often below potential. On the other hand, the scope for improving irrigated agricultural productivity remains obscure also due to the lack of spatial data on agricultural production (e.g. crop acreage and yield). To fill this gap, satellite earth observations and a replicable methodology were used to estimate crop yields at the field level for the period 2010/2014 in the Fergana Valley, Central Asia, to understand the response of agricultural productivity to factors related to the irrigation and drainage infrastructure and environment. The results showed that cropping pattern, i.e. the presence or absence of multi-annual crop rotations, and spatial diversity of crops had the most persistent effects on crop yields across observation years suggesting the need for introducing sustainable cropping systems. On the other hand, areas with a lower crop diversity or abundance of crop rotation tended to have lower crop yields, with differences of partly more than one t/ha yield. It is argued that factors related to the infrastructure, for example, the distance of farms to the next settlement or the density of roads, had a persistent effect on crop yield dynamics over time. The improvement potential of cotton and wheat yields were estimated at 5%, compared to crop yields of farms in the direct vicinity of settlements or roads. In this study it is highlighted how remotely sensed estimates of crop production in combination with geospatial technologies provide a unique perspective that, when combined with field surveys, can support planners to identify management priorities for improving regional production and/or reducing environmental impacts.     

2017年8月8日四川九寨沟MS7.0地震前甘肃南部地区视应力变化

利用甘肃省区域台网提供的地震波形资料,计算甘肃南部地区2010年1月～2017年8月M_L≥2.0地震的视应力,分析九寨沟地震前甘南地区视应力的时空演化特征,所得结果如下：①M_L2.6～3.1、M_L2.0～2.5震级段地震视应力的空间分布具有较好的一致性,九寨沟M_S7.0地震前,距震中较近的川甘交界地区的舟曲、文县等地呈现出较为集中的视应力高值异常;②M_L2.0～2.5、M_L2.6～3.1地震的视应力在大区域范围内随时间的变化趋势有一定差异,M_L2.6～3.1地震视应力变化更为明显,在较大区域范围内表现为震前显著升高,而M_L2.0～2.5地震视应力则在震前一两年内开始下降;③随着区域划分范围向震中靠近,M_L2.0～2.5、M_L2.6～3.1地震视应力的变化逐渐趋于一致,至震中附近时,2个震级段视应力均表现为“震前几年长时间升高—临震前几个月下降”的同步变化。     

Parthenocarpy, attractiveness and seed predation by birds in Bursera morelensis

Parthenocarpy (production of seedless fruits) is a characteristic associated with a strategy to reduce seed predation by birds and to increase the attractiveness to frugivorous birds. Red cuajiote (Bursera morelensis) is an endemic tree species of Mexico that produces seeded and parthenocarpic fruits. The purpose of this work was to examine whether parthenocarpy is a factor that increases the number of bird visits to trees and if it is a strategy to diminish seeds predation by granivorous birds. We made field observations to determine the relation between the number of bird visits and fruit removal rate, to the total number of parthenocarpic fruits produced, and the number of birdpredated fruits to the number and proportion of parthenocarpic fruits in the trees. We found that in trees with a bigger amount of parthenocarpic fruits, both frugivoruos and granivorous birds made more visits; we then suggested that parthenocarpic fruits can act like a signal of attraction by means of a density and coloration effect. Also, we found that in trees with bigger proportions of parthenocarpic fruit, predation by granivorous birds is smaller. Parthenocarpy has an adaptative value for B.morelensis increasing bird visitation and reducing seed predation in the Tehuacan Valley.     

海拔梯度及典型土地利用类型对北热带山地土壤有机质和综合肥力的影响

为深入了解北热带海拔梯度各山地土壤带及典型土地利用类型（次生林、香蕉园、橡胶林）土壤有机质（SOM）、综合肥力（SIF）分布特征,以云南省金平县蝴蝶谷地区为例,区分表层（0～20 cm）和亚表层（20～40 cm）,测定SOM、pH、全氮、全磷、全钾和速效氮磷钾,采用修正内梅罗指数法评价SIF,分析限制SIF的关键因素。结果表明,研究区海拔与SOM、SIF呈显著正相关,6个山地土壤带表层和亚表层SOM、SIF排序为棕壤带>黄棕壤带>黄壤带>红壤带>赤红壤带>砖红壤带（P<0.05）。无论表层还是亚表层,SOM和SIF均以次生林最大,香蕉园次之,橡胶林最小,次生林SOM显著大于香蕉园和橡胶林（P<0.05）,SIF则无显著差异。随着海拔升高,限制SIF的因素由速效氮、速效磷转变为速效磷和速效钾,且pH的限制逐渐加强,而维持和限制低海拔不同土地利用类型SIF的因素与同海拔段内自然土壤基本一致。未来山地开发利用过程中低海拔区域应该注重补充氮肥和磷肥,中高海拔区域注重补充磷肥和钾肥,同时调节适宜的pH更有助于土壤养分释放和植物吸收利用。综上,海拔梯度和...     

The role of NTFPs in a shifting cultivation system in transition: A village case study from the uplands of North Central Vietnam

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 106(2): 103–114, 2006

Periods characterized by agricultural change and transitions are often associated with insecurity and vulnerability regarding food production and food supplies. Forests and forest products tend to play an important buffer role during the process of change and uncertainty, where forest and fallows provide food products or income that people can temporarily fall back on. In the upland village of Que in North Central Vietnam, several different drivers are currently changing land use and land cover. The Forest Land Allocation policy, implemented in 1998, is one of the major driving forces, allocating farmers a reduced area of land for shifting cultivation in order to prevent any further deforestation and land degradation. However, the reduction in agricultural land set aside for shifting cultivation has lead to a severe decrease in hill rice production. The land use system is in a transition phase—from a conventional shifting cultivation system to a composite swiddening system. The area under shifting cultivation has been reduced, and the system has been intensified via the introduction of paddy rice cultivation, increased livestock rearing and commercial exploitation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Yet, the current transformation of the system has resulted in a drastic reduction in overall rice production. Thus, the collection and selling of NTFPs such as bamboo shoots, broom grass and pherynium leaves seem to prevent severe shortage of food since farmers are able to purchase food products with the money generated from the selling of NTFPs.     

基于MODIS的大田县均溪谷地NPP与NDVI相关性的时空变化特征

本研究应用MODIS卫星遥感资料,分析2000—2010年大田县均溪谷地植被净初级生产NPP与NDVI相关性的时空变化特征,运用Arc GIS软件对大田县均溪河做不同距离的缓冲区分析,结合土地利用状况,研究年植被净初级生产力a NPP与年均归一化植被指数ANDVI的相关性,并建立线性回归分析模型进一步分析NPP随NDVI的变化情况。可以看出,ANDVI与a NPP的空间分布特征与距河流的距离远近有着密切关系,河流不同缓冲区ANDVI与a NPP的相关性系值为0.80~0.96。研究区域3年回归模型均通过α=0.01的显著性F值相关检测,表明利用NDVI可以有效地对NPP进行实时监测。     

Geology of gold-bearing skarn deposits in the middle and lower Yangtze River Valley and adjacent regions

The middle and lower Yangtze River Valley and adjacent regions are the most important metallogenic belt of gold (and copper)-bearing skarn deposits in China. The total gold reserves in this belt have been estimated at more than 600 t. The gold-bearing skarns are mainly distributed in the southeastern Hubei, Tongling and northern Anhui regions. Favorable tectonic settings are depressions and fold zones of the platforms, i.e., mobile belts. These skarns are hosted by platformal limestone, dolomitic limestone and dolomite of the Triassic, Carboniferous-Permian and Middle to Lower Cambrian formations. The related intrusions are Yenshanian (180 to 113 Ma) calc-alkaline quartz monzodiorite, granodiorite, quartz monzonite, monzogabbro, and their hybabyssal facies. The intrusions have high Fe₂O₃/FeO (>0.5) and intermediate initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7046 to 0.7087). Their REE distribution patterns are LREE-enriched and exhibit smooth, right-dipping curves. These suggest that the source materials mainly came from upper mantle, with contamination by sialic crustal components. The auriferous skarns are both calcic and magnesian, but calcic skarns are most common. The constituent minerals of the calcic skarns are diopside, garnet, wollastonite, vesuvianite and scapolite, whereas magnesian skarns are dominated by forsterite, spinel, diopside, phlogopite, chondrodite and clinohumite, with abundant superimposed serpentine, clinochlore and brucite. The compositions of coexisting pyroxenes and garnets are diopside and andradite, indicating the high oxygen fugacity and low acidity conditions. Gold is closely associated with Cu (Pb, Zn) sulfides and exists mainly in the form of native gold and electrum. Arsenides, tellurides, bismuthides and selenides are present in many ore deposits. Therefore, Cu, As, Bi, Te, Ag, Pb, Zn, Se and Co are the major metals present in the deposits and are important geochemical ore-searching indicators. In some Au (Fe, Cu) magnesian skarns, magnesiomagnetite, magnesioferrite and ludwigite are locally abundant. The metasomatic zoning in many gold skarn deposits is very distinct consisting of an outward sequence of: Fe (Cu)→Cu (Mo)→Cu (Au)→Au (Cu)→Au (Pb, Zn). The geologic characteristics of Au (Cu) skarn deposits that formed in the mobile platformal setting of China have distinct differences compared to Au skarns formed in orogenic belts at convergent plate margins in British Columbia and the western USA.     

基于GIS、RS的西藏墨脱高等级公路工程地质勘察

以ETM 图像为信息源，以基于地学知识的地学遥感解译及图像识别技术为主要方法，结合数字图像处理技术和地理信息技术，在图像波谱分析的基础上，选择TM4(R)、3(G)、2(B)波段组合与TM8融合图像为基础底图，在ENVI及ARC／INFO平台下，对墨脱公路方案线廊带的工程地质信息进行图像识别、机助解译及专题制图，取得了较好的应用效果。     

Typical Circulation Patterns and Associated Mechanisms for Persistent Heavy Rainfall Events over Yangtze–Huaihe River Valley during 1981–2020※

Persistent heavy rainfall events (PHREs) over the Yangtze–Huaihe River Valley (YHRV) during 1981–2020 are classified into three types (type-A, type-B and type-C) according to pattern correlation. The characteristics of the synoptic systems for the PHREs and their possible development mechanisms are investigated. The anomalous cyclonic disturbance over the southern part of the YHRV during type-A events is primarily maintained and intensified by the propagation of Rossby wave energy originating from the northeast Atlantic in the mid–upper troposphere and the northward propagation of Rossby wave packets from the western Pacific in the mid–lower troposphere. The zonal propagation of Rossby wave packets and the northward propagation of Rossby wave packets during type-B events are more coherent than those for type-A events, which induces eastward propagation of stronger anomaly centers of geopotential height from the northeast Atlantic Ocean to the YHRV and a meridional anomaly in geopotential height over the Asian continent. Type-C events have "two ridges and one trough" in the high latitudes of the Eurasian continent, but the anomalous intensity of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and the trough of the YHRV region are weaker than those for type-A and type-B events. The composite synoptic circulation of four PHREs in 2020 is basically consistent with that of the corresponding PHRE type. The location of the South Asian high (SAH) in three of the PHREs in 2020 moves eastward as in the composite of the three types, but the position of the WPSH of the four PHREs is clearly westward and northward. Two water vapor conveyor belts and two cold air conveyor belts are tracked during the four PHREs in 2020, but the water vapor path from the western Pacific is not seen, which may be caused by the westward extension of the WPSH.