Oil-generating coals of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado, U.S.A.

Coal beds of the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation in the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado have significant liquid hydrocarbon generation potential as indicated by typical Rock-Eval Hydrogen Indexes in the range of 200–400 mg hydrocarbon/g organic carbon (type II and III organic matter). Small, non-commercial quantities of oil have been produced from the coal beds at several locations. The oils are characterized by high pristane/phytane (ca 4) and pristane/n-C₁₇ ratios (ca 1.2), abundant C₂₁₊ alkanes in the C₁₀₊ fraction with a slight predominance of odd carbon-numbered n-alkanes, abundant branched-chain alkanes in the C₁₅₊ region, and a predominance of methylcyclohexane in the C₄----C₁₀ fraction. The oils are indigenous to the Fruitland Formation coals and probably migrated at thermal maturities corresponding to vitrinite reflectance values in the range 0.7–0.8%. Although the oils found to date are not present in commercial amounts, these findings illustrate the potential of some coals to generate and expel oil under conditions of moderate thermal heating.     

Magnetics in geoexploration

The magnetic method is the oldest and one of the most widely used geophysical techniques for exploring the earth’s subsurface. It is a relatively easy and inexpensive tool to employ, being applicable to a wide variety of subsurface exploration problems involving horizontal magnetic property variations occurring from near the base of the crust to within the uppermost meter of soil. Successful applications of the magnetic method require an in-depth understanding of its basic principles and careful field work, data reduction, and interpretation. Commonly, interpretations are limited to qualitative approaches which simply map the spatial location of anomalous subsurface conditions, but under favourable circumstances the technological status of the method will permit more quantitative interpretations involving specification of the nature of the anomalous sources. No other geophysical method provides critical input to such a wide variety of problems. However, seldom does the magnetic method provide the complete answer to an investigation problem. As a result, it is generally used in concert with other geophysical and geological data to limit its interpretational ambiguities.     

西昆仑山加里东期花岗岩类浅识

西昆仑山可能有一个呈NW-SE向展布的加里东期花岗岩带存在.除了地质上的依据和判断以外.带内曾获得两个岩体单矿物钾-氩法年龄资料(445Ma、527.6Ma)及一个锆石铀-铅法年龄值(480.43±5Ma).岩体多属钙碱性系列,可能是一个铜、铅、金、稀有金属成矿远景区.岩带西侧的喀拉塔什—依萨克阿特—他龙深断裂可能是加里东期古板块的边界;而这一深断裂的西南侧的木吉—安大力达坂—康西瓦深断裂则是华力西期塔里木板块与伊朗—冈底斯板块间的界线.     

中-酸性火山岩与侵入岩中钛铁氧化物化学成分的对比研究

根据火成岩中钛铁氧化物的研究发现,中-酸性侵入岩与火山岩中钛铁氧化物在MnO,TiO_2,Al_2O_3的含量上存在着明显的差别.利用(Al_2O_3+Cr_2O_3+V_2O_3)-MgO-(MnO+ZnO)三角图解,MnO(Mt)-MnO((?)),Al_2O_3(Mt)-TiO_2(Mt)图解,有助于区分火山岩与次火山岩,以及推测侵入岩的定位深度和岩浆冷凝速度,笔者等以安徽庐枞火山岩盆地中巴家滩岩体为例,检验这一方法的应用效果.     

Green areas and water management in residential developments in the European Western Mediterranean. A case study of Alicante,Spain

The intense urbanization of the Mediterranean coast as a result of the development of residential-tourist activities since the 1960s, especially from the mid-1990s to 2008, has generated new urban environments associated with extensive urban typologies. These include gardens linked to houses with outdoor spaces that are shared between all of the residents of the residential developments. The aim of this study is to determine the main characteristics of these new urban green spaces and their effect on domestic water consumption in Alicante (Spain). To do this, we analysed the characteristics that define these types of gardens (surface area, density, plant species and irrigation system) and determined their water needs using the Water Use Classifications of Landscape Species method. The main conclusions are that the increase in paved areas is one of the strategies to reduce water consumption in spaces where turf grass is the most common plant species. This is due to increased water prices and lack of water resources.     

济南地区岩溶地下水污染程度评价

岩溶水环境背景值(污染起始值)是确定岩溶水污染程度的主要参数。通过2013年济南地区岩溶地下水水质资料与济南地区岩溶水环境地质背景值对比分析及综合评价,反映了济南地区岩溶地下水水质污染变化情况。该文地下水污染综合评价是根据以往不同年份的水质资料进行对比评价的,评价结果存在一定的局限性和不全面性,但基本能够反映济南地区岩溶地下水污染程度的总体情况。     

Scydmobisetia gen. nov., the first definite Glandulariini from Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

The Glandulariini (=Cyrtoscydmini) includes about 60 genera comprising over 70% of the extant species of Scydmaeninae. This successful group is today very common and abundant in forests of all continents. However, while extinct representatives of much smaller extant tribes, as Clidicini, Eutheiini and Cephenniini, were described from Cretaceous deposits, named genera and species of Glandulariini were so far known only from much younger Baltic, Sicilian and Dominican ambers. Here we report the first genus and species of definite Glandulariini from the Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber, Scydmobisetia vetutissima Jałoszyński and Yamamoto, gen. and sp. nov. Scydmobisetia is the first known glandulariine beetle with a pair of very long vertexal sensilla chaetica, previously not found in this tribe, but common among unrelated Staphylinidae. The new genus shows similarities to the extant genera Anthicimimus, Sciacharis, Spinosciacharis and Horaeomorphus, but S. vetutissima has protibial modifications typical of males of some extant species of Euconnus. We discuss the apparent disproportion in the oldest fossil record of various tribes of scydmaenines as a result of identification problems, and not the lack of known fossils.     

Cretaceous amber inclusions of Spain and Myanmar demonstrate early diversification and wide dispersal of Cephenniitae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

The taxonomic status of previously misplaced species of an ant-like stone beetle from Spanish amber (Albian) is clarified. Specimens of Kachinus magnificus (originally placed as incertae sedis within Scydmaenitae) were re-examined and their characters were found different from those of the type species of Kachinus from Myanmar amber. Consequently, Archeutheia gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate the Spanish species, resulting in Archeutheia magnifica comb. nov. Moreover, in a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis Archeutheia was placed as a sister group to extant Eutheia, within the tribe Eutheiini of Cephenniitae. A specimen of an undetermined genus from Myanmar amber clearly belonging in Cephenniini is also recorded. Both taxa represent the first definite Cretaceous Cephenniitae, a supertribe whose recent members are distributed on all continents but are especially diverse in the Oriental and East Palaearctic regions. This finding demonstrates a diversification of two presently most species-rich tribes of Cephenniitae already in Early Cretaceous. Archeutheia is strikingly similar to the extant species of Eutheia and Veraphis, showing male dimorphic characters (modified protrochanters) and antennal cavities characteristic of Palaearctic Eutheiini. This fact suggests a long morphological stability in the supertribe. A previously proposed hypothesis of an early presence of the Cephenniitae in the Northern Hemisphere is for the first time supported by the fossil record, and the palaeolocalities (western Europe and Southeast Asia) demonstrate a wide distribution of Cephenniitae in the Cretaceous and an early split of its ancestral lineage.     

西天山智博铁矿地球化学特征及地质意义

新疆和静县智博铁矿床位于西天山阿吾拉勒铁矿带东段,矿体呈层状、似层状、透镜状,赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组火山岩系中。矿床的成矿过程分为岩浆期和热液期两个成矿期,其中热液成矿期分为硅酸盐-氧化物阶段、硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段。磁铁矿石和火山岩围岩稀土元素配分模式均为轻稀土相对富集的平缓右倾型,轻、重稀土元素之间分馏程度强,轻稀土元素及重稀土元素内部分馏程度均较弱,Eu负异常或异常不明显,无Ce异常。矿石和火山岩围岩微量元素配分曲线特征总体上基本一致,相对富集Rb、U等元素,亏损Ba、Ta、Nd、Ti等元素。磁铁矿δ18O值(3.7%~3.9%)与岩浆成因磁铁矿的δ18O值一致,δ32S值整体表现为幔源硫或岩浆硫特征。这些稀土、微量元素及同位素地球化学特征说明本区矿石和火山岩围岩具有同源性,成矿物质来源于大陆岛弧环境下的深源岩浆;该岩浆形成于准噶尔洋洋壳向南中天山-伊犁地块之下俯冲的岛弧环境中,岩浆在上侵过程中发生一定程度的地壳混染。结合矿床地质特征,认为智博铁矿的形成与岩浆活动有关,受矿浆贯入影响,后期热液作用对成矿有一定的贡献。     

New beaded lacewings (Neuroptera: Berothidae) from Upper Cretaceous Myanmar amber

Two new genera with two new species in Berothidae, Maculaberotha nervosa gen. et sp. nov. and Magniberotha recurrens gen. et sp. nov., are described from Upper Cretaceous Myanmar (Burmese) amber. Based on the new specimens of the same species, we propose some venational characters as intraspecific variations, e.g., the markings on the wings and crossveins in the radial sector. We also study and compare the female genital sclerites from three genera of Haploberotha, Dasyberotha, and Jersiberotha to highlight the importance of using these characters preserved in amber for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. Furthermore, an updated key to the berothid genera of Myanmar amber is provided.