一场典型的冰雪雨水泥石流过程

1989年7月26日,贡嘎山东坡南关沟发生了一场典型的冰雪雨水泥石流。它下行30多公里后堵塞大渡河,造成直接经济损失245万元。这场泥石流历时约3小时,持续流动时间2小时。到达大渡河时的流速9.4米/秒,最大流量6768.0立方米/秒,总径流量1716.4万立方米,总输沙量627.0万立方米,残留沉积物总方量310.4万立方米(其中泥石流堵塞大渡河的扇形地方量30.0万立方米),弯道爬高15.5—16.5米。输往堵河扇形地下游方的固体物质方量是扇形地方量的19.9倍,泥石流尾流作用强烈。     

Erosion processes and rates for gullies in granitic soils bathurst,new south wales,australia

Soil movement rates from fluted gully sides in New South Wales were measured over three years by erosion pins and survey. Erosion rates varied considerably over short distances from 0 to 53 mm yr^?1 with an average removal rate of 19-8 mm yr^?1.     

A study of the gully phenomenon in Gombe Town,Bauchi State: Bedrock geology and environmental implications

In Gombe, Bauchi State, Nigeria, gullies are sculptured in the Upper Cretaceous Pindiga Formation and Gombe Sandstones. The former is a sequence of marine shales with limestone interbeds, the later is a sequence of sandstone, siltstone, and shales. Both formations have ironstone cappings. The degree of gully development, the gravity of attendant soil wastage, and environmental hazards are all related to the rock types in which the gully have formed. Hence, the most grievous situations are posed by gullies in the shale/clay member of the Gombe Sandstone and in the shale/clay/limestone units of the Pindiga Formation. An undercut and collapse model is put forward to explain gully initiation and propagation in Gombe.     

山区公路地质灾害减灾决策支持系统——以西藏古乡沟泥石流为例

由于复杂地形条件和地质条件以及降雨、地下水等因素的影响,山区公路易受到泥石流、滑坡、崩塌、溜砂坡等地质灾害的危害。文章在对山区公路地质灾害模型研究和分析的基础上,建立了滑坡稳定性分析、泥石流活动性分析、泥石流危险范围预测与危险性分区、滑坡区公路整治方案优选、拦砂坝优化设计等灾害分析模型和减灾决策模型,通过数据库、分析模型和决策模型的集成,建立了基于组件式GIS的山区公路地质灾害减灾决策支持系统。作为系统应用的实例,文章最后讨论了系统在古乡沟泥石流危险范围预测的应用,预测了一定条件下泥石流堆积扇上的泥深,泥石流运动过程中出现的最大泥深、最大速率、最大动量和最大动能,为古乡沟泥石流的预防和治理提供了科学依据。     

Investigation of water signatures at gully-exposed sites on Mars by hyperspectral image analysis

High-resolution images from the Mars Obiter Camera (MOC) onboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) show a variety of gully features on sloped surfaces of Mars. The mechanism of gully formation is still under debate, although a majority of studies tend to favor a mechanism related to liquid water flow based on geomorphology and fluid mechanics considerations. In this study, we examined four known gully sites using Visible and Infrared Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) imagery. In particular, we analyzed the absorption depths of the water-associated absorption bands and concluded that there are stronger water signatures at the gully-exposed sites than in the surrounding areas. This implies that the water signatures, most likely representing water ice, isolated water molecules, and/or hydroxyl molecules incorporated into minerals, are still present in the shallow unconsolidated soils. This study provides additional evidence that water was likely involved in the formation of the gully features and is still locally active on the Martian surface in the present time.     

The role of sidewall processes in gully development; some N.S.W. examples

Little attention has been paid to the role of sidewall processes in gully development. Simple estimates of linear incision/sidewall erosion ratios at two localities in New South Wales, Australia suggest that sidewall erosion is responsible for more than half the gully volume. Studies at three localities where overland flow and throughflow are limited to only one sidewall indicate that these processes are responsible for 10-30 per cent of gully volume. These observations have important implications for gully management.     

Debris flow erosion and deposition in Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan, China

The erosion and deposition of debris flows at Jiangjia Gully in Dongchuan section of Yunnan province, southwestern China, was surveyed at 12 cross sections from 1999 to 2003. Deposition occurred in most sections because of the low debris-flow magnitude. The result was an increase in their elevations except for two sections at D17 and D19, where the channel was diverted in September 1999. As the annual sediment discharge of debris flow increased, the deposited volume decreased in the upper channel and increased in the lower channel. In each debris flow event, the erosion or deposition at the upper and the lower channel were different, but the eroded/deposited volume and the trend of erosion or deposition were similar between the neighboring sections. The average elevation change of all cross sections between consecutive surveys can reasonably represent the debris flow influence on the channel. Its relationship with the total sediment discharge between two surveys follows a three-stage pattern: when debris flow magnitude is small, deposition in the channel increases with the magnitude. When the magnitude reaches a certain level, the deposition begins to decrease and eventually erosion takes place. In three typical cross sections which had similar channel width, the debris flow showed a clear trend that the deposited volume decreased, while the eroded volume increased as the discharge of debris flow sediments increased.     

LANDFORM MORPHOLOGIC RELATIONS BETWEEN INTER-GULLIED AND GULLIED LAND AREAS —A CASE STUDY OF THE WANGJIAGOU WATERSHED IN THE WEST OF SHANXI PROVINCE

1 INTRODUCTION In the past years, because of a lack of modern techniques, the research on gullied/inter-gullied land erosion mainly depended on field monitoring, such as utilizing marking posts and/or topographic maps to investigate gullied/inter-gullied …     

Gully retreat in a semi-urban catchment in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

Slope instability has been an on-going problem along the South Saskatchewan River within the city of Saskatoon, and has adversely affected private property, bridge foundations, and municipal roads and services. Wooded declivities were present prior to urban de velopment, but changes in drainage patterns associated with construction of an urban park about 30 years ago have resulted in pronounced gullying. Morphometric measurements of two gullies conducted from 1994 to 2000 showed that their headwalls have retreated approximately 7 and 19 m, respectively, with accompanying widening and deepening of the features. The process of retreat is driven largely by the seasonal precipitation regime; it mainly occurs after heavy summer rainstorms, although freeze–thaw activity during snowmelt and subsurface flow are also implicated. Retreat is further controlled by the inherent strength of the root mat that binds the surface soils until the undercut trees finally collapse. Surface runoff through the gullies recently has been redirected through a storm sewer that is designed to mitigate the erosion problem.     

The contribution of gully erosion to total sediment production in a small watershed in Southwest China

Determining the contribution of gully erosion to the total sediment yield is important for enhancing decision-making regarding sediment abatement and soil conservation measures. The dry-hot valley region of the Jinsha River is one of the most intensive areas of gully erosion in China. However, the contribution of gully erosion to total sediment production in this region is unclear. Instead of using the source tracing technique commonly employed in other studies, this study provides a method of rapidly reconstructing historical sediment yields based on the properties of sediment that accumulated in an undrained pond at a small gully watershed outlet. We produced a three-dimensional model in geographical information system software to calculate the volume of each layer of accumulated pond deposits from 2006 to 2011. Moreover, we estimated sheet erosion amounts using the Universal Soil Loss Equation. The results showed that sheet erosion accounted for between 14.28 and 23.39% of the total sediment yield in the watershed in the case that the sediment delivery ratio was 100%. Therefore, gully erosion is the major source of total soil loss in this area, and effective soil measures of gully erosion mitigation are crucial for managing the sediment yield.