日本新国土规划与地方规划的相互关系

1998年日本政府制定了第五次国土规划——《21世纪的宏伟蓝图》,该规划是在国际上日益重视环境与人类协调发展的背景下,根据日本后工业化社会的特点制定的。该国土规划制定了国家在21世纪前10～15年发展的方针政策和目标。通过介绍、分析日本第五次国土规划与地方政府规划中的内容及联系,总结出日本国土规划与地方规划的相互关系,旨在对中国国家和地方规划的制定提供可资借鉴的经验。     

Inter‐annual variations and factors controlling evapotranspiration in a temperate Japanese cypress forest

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of climatic variability on inter‐annual variations in each component of evapotranspiration (ET) and the total ET in a temperate coniferous forest in Japan. We conducted eddy covariance flux and meteorological measurements for 7 years and parameterized a one‐dimensional multi‐layer biosphere‐atmosphere model (Kosugi et al., 2006 ) that partitions ET to transpiration (Tr), wet‐canopy evaporation (E_wet), and soil evaporation (E_soil). The model was validated with the observed flux data. Using the model, the components of ET were estimated for the 7 years. Annual precipitation, ET, Tr, E_wet, and E_soil over the 7 years were 1536 ± 334 mm, 752 ± 29 mm, 425 ± 37 mm, 219 ± 34 mm, and 108 ± 10 mm, respectively. The maximum inter‐annual fluctuation of observed ET was 64 mm with a coefficient of variance (CV) of 2.7%, in contrast to relatively large year‐to‐year variations in annual rainfall (CV = 20.1%). Tr was related to the vapour pressure deficit, incoming radiation, and air temperature with relatively small inter‐annual variations (CV = 8.2%). E_soil (CV = 8.6%) was related mainly to the vapour pressure deficit. E_wet was related to precipitation with large inter‐annual variations (CV = 14.3%) because of the variability in precipitation. The variations in E_wet were counterbalanced by the variations in Tr and E_soil, producing the small inter‐annual variations in total ET. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鲈鱼对组氨酸需求量的研究

鲈鱼的生长受饲料中组氨酸(His)的含量变化显著(P<0.05)。当饲料中组氨酸含量过低或过高时,鲈鱼的终末体质量和特定生长率显著低于其它处理组,而处理组2(组氨酸含量为0.45%)、处理组3(组氨酸含量为0.57%)和处理组4(组氨酸含量为0.66%)之间差异不显著。终末体重、特定生长率和饲料效率在处理组3(组氨酸含量为0.57%)达到最大值,分别为21.0 g,1.72%d-1和0.81。以上结果表明,His是鲈鱼生长的必需氨基酸之一,且鲈鱼能有效利用晶体His。根据饲料中组氨酸的含量与鲈鱼特定生长的关系,经计算求得鲈鱼饲料中组氨酸含量为0.54%饲料干物质(即1.29%蛋白)时,鲈鱼的生长达到最佳状态。     

雌牙鲆CYP19A基因启动子“CpG”岛区的单核苷酸多态性及与繁殖性能的关联分析

芳香化酶基因(CYP19)编码的芳香化酶是雄激素转化为雌激素的关键酶,在鱼类性腺发育及繁殖内分泌过程中起着重要的作用。本研究采用聚合酶链式反应-单链构象多态(PCR-SSCP)和放射性免疫方法(RAI)对61尾雌牙鲆进行了CYP19A基因启动子CpG岛区多态性检测,并将其与繁殖性能进行了关联分析。CpG岛区存在3种类型的基因型(pattern1、pattern2、pattern3),经测序发现CpG岛区有以下突变:T-1927插入或缺失、C-1899插入或缺失、T-1772C、C-1766T、TGTCAAC-1752~-1744插入或缺失(11个SNPs连锁突变)。方差分析结果表明:此位点对雌二醇(E2)水平的效应达到显著(P<0.05)水平,经多重比较分析,具有pattern1基因型的个体的雌激素(E2)水平显著低于pattern2和pattern3基因型个体的雌激素水平(P<0.05),同时pattern1基因型的个体的mRNA表达量显著低于pattern2和pattern3基因型个体的mRNA表达量(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,CYP19A基因调控区甲基化位点突变可能导致芳香化酶的表达量,进而影响牙鲆繁殖内分泌过程;同时也阐明了这些与牙鲆繁殖性状相关的SNPs可以用于生产实践中进行标记辅助选择具有优良繁殖性能的牙鲆。     

Ontogeny of the Lymphoid Organs of Japanese Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Histological study on the ontogeny of the lymphoid organs, kidney, thymus and spleen of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, from hatching to 40d was carried out. The pronephric kidney duct appeared early in hatching although the primordial haemopoietic stem cells wereobserved within a week after hatching. The spleen was first seen after 8d of hatching. The thymus appeared after 15d, situated near the pronephric kidney. Small lymphoid cells appeared during the later phase of the post-larval stage in the sequence of thymus, kidney and spleen. During the 40d of observations, there were no distinct inner or outer zones in thymus and no red or white pulp in spleen. These results suggest that the nonspecific defense immune system plays a very important role in the early larval stage of Japanese flounder.     

In the Mountain''''s Shadow: Japan''''s Silk Reelers Blazed an Asian Path of Economic Development

1 Introduction: A Dissonant Fragment On entering Chichibu, many visitors feel as if they were passing through a time warp into another country or a bygone era as the train leaves behind Tokyo抯crowded suburbs and winds through steep slopes forested with oaks, beeches and cedars. The Oku Chichibu highlands, however, are a mere 70 kilometers northwest of Tokyo, or about 50 minutes by rail, less than the average two-hour of daily commute of 搒alarymen?within metropolitan area. The sense of s…     

空间集聚对在京日企就业规模的影响研究

FDI企业的空间集聚已经成为重要空间现象,但其对FDI企业规模的影响尚未引起学者的重视。既有研究发现的国家尺度集聚对制造业企业规模扩张的促进效应,是否适用于制造业和服务业共存的大都市区尺度?这也需要进行再商榷。论文基于企业内部生产技术条件、企业外部交易行为,搭建了大都市区范围内企业规模分异的解析框架,利用在京日企微观数据,分析了其空间集聚特征,讨论了其就业规模与分工的时空间变动特征,解析了集聚对在京日企的就业规模影响。研究发现：① 在京日企围绕集聚中心,呈现清晰的中心-外围分异特征。1995—2016年,集聚程度增强,集聚区重心外移,集聚空间规模扩大。2016年时形成了使馆区-CBD集聚区、BDA亦庄集聚区、首都机场集聚区、Z-Park中关村集聚区。② 在京日企的单环节化、服务化空间分异特征明显。单环节日企更临近分布重心,复合环节日企更趋外;服务型日企更趋中,生产型日企更趋外。集聚区内服务功能型日企更多,集聚区外生产功能型的日企更多。③ 新增日企,无论单环节还是复合环节日企,就业规模均显著减小。越是临近分布重心、越是位于集聚区内的日企,平均就业规模越小。④ 大都市区范围内,集聚更利于吸引中小日企扎堆布局,更利于抑制其规模扩张冲动;日企主营业务的技术经济特点会影响分工作用的显现,隶属行业、进驻时长和独合资模式等也有显著性影响。     

Complex slab structure and arc magmatism beneath the Japanese Islands

A dense nationwide seismic network recently constructed in Japan has resulted in the production of a large amount of high-quality data that have enabled the high-resolution imaging of deep seismic structures in the Japanese subduction zone. Seismic tomography, precise locations of earthquakes, and focal mechanism research have allowed the identification of the complex structure of subducting slabs beneath Japan, revealing that the subducting Philippine Sea slab underneath southwestern Japan has an undulatory configuration down to a depth of 60–200 km, and is continuous from Kanto to Kyushu without disruption or splitting, even within areas north of the Izu Peninsula. Analysis of the geometry of the Pacific and Philippine Sea slabs identified a broad contact zone beneath the Kanto Plain that causes anomalously deep interplate and intraslab earthquake activity. Seismic tomographic inversions using both teleseismic and local events provide a clear image of the deep aseismic portion of the Philippine Sea slab beneath the Japan Sea north of Chugoku and Kyushu, and beneath the East China Sea west of Kyushu down to a depth of ∼450 km. Seismic tomography also allowed the identification of an inclined sheet-like seismic low-velocity zone in the mantle wedge beneath Tohoku. A recent seismic tomography work further revealed clear images of similar inclined low-velocity zones in the mantle wedge for almost all other areas of Japan. The presence of the inclined low-velocity zones in the mantle wedge across the entirety of Japan suggests that it is a common feature to all subduction zones. These low-velocity zones may correspond to the upwelling flow portion of subduction-induced convection systems. These upwelling flows reach the Moho directly beneath active volcanic areas, suggesting a link between volcanism and upwelling.     

Scale dependent effects in resource selection by crop-raiding Japanese macaques in Niigata Prefecture,Japan

A resource selection function is one that yields values proportional to the probability of use of a resource unit. This quantity is influenced by the heterogeneity of landscape structures, which occurs over multiple spatial scales. To provide input into wildlife management strategies, we investigated the scale dependency and functional responses of Japanese macaques using multiple scale analysis. The multiple buffers with radii of 100, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 m were defined as the spatial scale. Crop damage was predicted at the within-home range scale, using the Random Forests algorithm with environmental variables linked to resource selection of Japanese macaques. Sixteen environmental variables were defined, covering aspects of landscape configuration, human disturbance, topography, and adopted countermeasures. Crop damage was most accurately predicted within a buffer zone of 1000 m, although radii exceeding 1000 m were also highly accurate. Although the importance of variables differed among spatial extents, the functional responses for each environmental variable were independent of spatial extent. These results suggest that the limiting factors of crop damage depend on spatial extent, while functional responses in resource selection remain constant across spatial extents. We also compared a multi-scale gradient map with a typical binary map to demonstrate the uncertainty in damage predictions at different spatial scales. Our results may aid wildlife management planning, for which differences in resource selection across different spatial scales are critically important.     

Genetic diversity in two Japanese flounder populations from China seas inferred using microsatellite markers and COI sequences

Japanese flounder is one of the most important commercial species in China; however, information on the genetic background of natural populations in China seas is scarce. The lack of genetic data has hampered fishery management and aquaculture development programs for this species. In the present study, we have analyzed the genetic diversity in natural populations of Japanese flounder sampled from the Yellow Sea (Qingdao population, QD) and East China Sea (Zhoushan population, ZS) using 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequencing data. A total of 68 different alleles were observed over 10 microsatellite loci. The total number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 9, and the number of genotypes per locus ranged from 3 to 45. The observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity in QD were 0.733 and 0.779, respectively, and in ZS the heterozygosity values were 0.708 and 0.783, respectively. Significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed in 7 of the 10 microsatellite loci in each of the two populations. The COI sequencing analysis revealed 25 polymorphic sites and 15 haplotypes in the two populations. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity in the QD population were 0.746±0.072 8 and 0.003 34±0.001 03 respectively, and in ZS population the genetic diversity values were 0.712±0.047 0 and 0.003 18±0.000 49, respectively. The microsatellite data (F_st =0.048 7, P<0.001) and mitochondrial DNA data (F_st =0.128, P<0.001) both revealed significant genetic differentiation between the two populations. The information on the genetic variation and differentiation in Japanese flounder obtained in this study could be used to set up suitable guidelines for the management and conservation of this species, as well as for managing artificial selection programs. In future studies, more geographically diverse stocks should be used to obtain a deeper understanding of the population structure of Japanese flounder in the China seas and adjacent regions.