信息融合技术在神府-东胜地区环境评价中的应用

本文简要介绍了遥感和地理信息系统在神府-东胜地区环境综合评价中的应用方法。针对这一地区的环境特点 ,形成了以遥感信息为基础的环境综合评价体系 ,体系包括环境压力负荷、环境问题、环境潜力三个方面的十个因子。运用层次分析法结合专家知识 ,实现了全部因子的权重排序。以 GIS为技术支撑 ,对各专题进行了时空变化分析 ,建立环境质量综合评价模型。详细客观地评价了该区的环境质量情况。     

A description of chloride cell and kidney tubule alterations in the flatfish Solea senegalensis exposed to moderately contaminated sediments from the Sado estuary (Portugal)

The effects of sediment-bound contaminants on kidney and gill chloride cells were surveyed in juvenile Solea senegalensis exposed to fresh sediments collected from three distinct sites of the Sado Estuary (Portugal) in a 28-day laboratorial assay. Sediments were analyzed for metallic contaminants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorines as well as for total organic matter, redox potential and fine fraction. The potential for causing adverse biological effects of each surveyed sediment was assessed by comparison of contaminant levels to available guidelines for coastal sediments, namely the Threshold Effects Level (TEL) and the Probable Effects Level (PEL). The Sediment Quality Guideline Quotient indices (SQGQ) were calculated to compare the overall contamination levels of the three stations. A qualitative approach was employed to analyze the histo/cytopathological traits in gill chloride cells and body kidney of fish exposed to each tested sediment for 0, 14 and 28 days. The results showed that sediment contamination can be considered low to moderate and that the least contaminated sediment (from a reference site, with the lowest SQGQ) caused lesser changes in the surveyed organs. However, the most contaminated sediment (by both metallic and organic xenobiotics, with highest SQGQ) was neither responsible for the highest mortality nor for the most pronounced lesions. Exposure to the sediment presenting an intermediate SQGQ, essentially contaminated by organic compounds, caused the highest mortality (48%) and the most severe damage to kidneys, up to full renal necrosis. Chloride cell alterations were similar in fish exposed to the two most contaminated sediments and consisted of a pronounced cellular hypertrophy, likely involving fluid retention and loss of mitochondria. It can be concluded that sediment contamination considered to be low or moderate may be responsible for severe injury to cells and parenchyma involved in the maintenance of osmotic balance, contributing for the high mortality levels observed. The results suggest that sediment-bound organic contaminants such as PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) may be very toxic to the analyzed organs, especially the kidney, even when present in low-risk concentrations.     

地热学向何处去

Based on the State-of-the-Art of Geothermics both at home and abroad,the question of "Where to go, Geothermics" has been answered in this paper. Author suggested that the Geothermicsin the future should go to:1)the deep interior of the Earth,2) the continental area,3 ) the atmosphere,4)the energy problem,5) the mining areas, 6) the oil一gas fields and finally,7) to earthquake prediclion. With the increasing demand for energy and mineral resources and under the pressure of environmental and hazard problems, Geothermics is also being experienced a stage of revolution. There exist opportunity and challenge. We should use the opportunity and face the challenge optimistically for thefurther development of Geothermics in various aspects.     

Wage inequality between financial hubs and periphery

The observation that large cities pay higher wages for the same skilled work has caught the attention of scholars recently. The urban wage premium thesis suggests that urban sorting, skill matching and learning externalities in large cities result in a spatial wage gap between large and small cities. In this paper, a different spatial lens of wage premium is examined. Specifically, we hypothesize that the wage premium phenomenon may be more prominent between networked and less networked cities than between large and small cities. We test this hypothesis on skilled financial workers and their human capital networks. The results indicate that the financial human capital network is structured spatially around hubs and peripheral cities. Wage inequality is significant between centrally located hubs and peripherally located cities compared to large and small cities. The findings provide evidence for a networked city wage premium, suggesting that information and resource connections structured by skilled individuals contribute to wage differences between cities.     

滇南地区中强地震活动特征与空间环境分析

本文根据滇南地区地震地质构造特征及历史地震活动情况,重点分析研究了1965年以来研究区(N23°—24°50′,E102°—104°)七次M_s≥5.0级地震前各种异常的演变特征,如:地震活动图象、能量、频度、震兆窗等,发现震前研究区内地震活动性异常均出现在主震前10个月以内。进一步分析滇南地区中强地震前空间环境,发现该区76.9％的M_s≥5.0级地震均发生在太阳黑子活动峰年(M)至谷年(m)的下降段,且在(M+2)位相年上发震频次最高;地球自转相对减慢年段有利于滇南地区中强地震的发生,地球自转减慢年段地震释放能量和均值是地球自转加速段地震释放能量和均值的9.94倍。滇南地区中强地震环境背景属“旱—震”型,且主震前两年内研究区部分气温、气压均有不同程度的异常显示。     

塔里木盆地南缘新生代沉积:对青藏高原北缘隆升和塔克拉玛干沙漠演化的指示

塔里木盆地南缘新生代沉积地层厚达万米以上。研究的叶城和阿尔塔什两个剖面分别厚4500m和7000m,基本代表了塔里木南部的新生代沉积。叶城剖面的底界年龄根据磁性地层测定约为8Ma。阿尔塔什剖面的底界年龄根据海相碳酸盐岩87Sr/86Sr的比值与全球Sr同位素曲线对比,约为30～35Ma。从岩性地层分析,剖面的下部为中新统乌恰群,主要由泥岩和粉砂岩组成,沉积相为低能环境的辫状河和曲流河。剖面的中部是上新统阿图什组,由红色泥岩、砂岩夹薄层砾岩以及埋藏风成黄土构成,沉积环境为冲-洪积扇的中远端。剖面的上部是上新统—下更新统西域组,由中粗砾岩夹块状粉砂岩透镜体(埋藏风成黄土)组成,主要是近源洪积扇沉积和风成沉积,以上地层层序可以进行很好的区域对比。塔里木盆地南缘新生代沉积由新近纪红层向上变化为逆粒序砾岩和碎屑流沉积,记录了青藏高原北缘隆升造成的沉积环境的变化,尤其是干旱化气候的阶段性演化。在约8Ma时,叶城和阿尔塔什两个剖面都发育了风成沙丘沉积。而在阿尔塔什剖面,沙丘沉积之下还发育了一套厚层的膏盐沉积,指示了塔里木盆地南缘在此前后已经相当干旱,只是仅凭这些证据还难以判断沙漠发育的规模。而上新世—更新世阿图什组和西域组中发育的埋藏风成黄土沉积,则指示了塔克拉玛干沙漠在此时已经发育到了相当规模,极度干旱的气候条件(可能类似于现在)已经形成。     

A legal regime for the Arctic?: Interplay with the Law of the Sea Convention

The Law of the Sea Convention constrains regional environmental regimes, especially with respect to navigation beyond the territorial sea. Existing soft-law institutions, notably the Arctic Council, have already strengthened environmental governance in the region by (1) improving the knowledge base; (2) preparing practical guidance on risk reduction; (3) highlighting in broader regulatory fora the Arctic dimension of problems like long-range transported hazardous compounds; and (4) supporting the capacity of Arctic states to implement existing commitments. None of those functions would be much enhanced by a legally binding Arctic environmental regime. The political impediments to reaching circumpolar agreement on a single comprehensive legal regime would suggest a flexible approach to norm building that seeks productive interplay with existing institutions.     

Chemical characteristics of groundwater around two massive sulphide deposits in an area of previous mining contamination, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Spain

A detailed chemical study of groundwater was carried out to elucidate the processes controlling the oxidation and dissolution of sulphide minerals at two massive sulphide deposits in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), i.e. the mined La Zarza deposit and the unmined Masa Valverde deposit. It was found that major-element compositions varied according to the hydrological regime, La Zarza being in a relatively high area with groundwater recharge (and disturbance due to the human factor) and Masa Valverde being in a relatively low area with groundwater discharge. The variations mainly concern pH, Eh, SO₄ and Na concentrations. Metal concentrations were determined (a) by ICP-MS after filtration, and (b) in some cases by voltammetric measurement of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Mn using the Voltammetric In situ Profiling (VIP) System, which allows detection of only the mobile fractions of trace elements (i.e., free metal ions and small labile complexes a few nanometers in size). If one compares the results obtained by each of the two methods, it would appear that the groundwater shows significant enhancement of metal solubility through complexing with organic matter and/or adsorption onto colloids and/or small particles. In areas of sulphide oxidation, however, this solubility enhancement decreases according to Cu>Zn>Cd>Pb. Under very low redox conditions, the attained metal concentrations can be several orders of magnitude (up to 10⁸–10⁹ for Cu and 10²–10³ for Pb) larger than those expected from equilibrium with respect to sulphide minerals as calculated with the EQ3NR geochemical code; Zn concentrations, however, are close to equilibrium with respect to sphalerite. The implication of these results is discussed with respect both to mineral exploration and to environmental issues.     

关于中国全球环境变化人文因素研究发展方向的思考

人类如何合理地管理"地球生命支撑系统",以满足人类对可持续发展的追求,是全球环境变化GlobalEnvironmentalChange ,GEC）研究必须回答的问题。国际全球环境变化人文因素计划（Interna t ionalHumanDimensionsProgramm eonGlobalEnvironmentalChange,IHDP）侧重于全球环境变化的人文因素（HumanDimensionsofGlobalEnvironmentalChange,HDGEC）研究方面。在对国际HDGEC研究发展大势进行科学判断的基础上,概述了中国HDGEC研究进展,分析了中国HDGEC研究面临的挑战和机遇,探讨了我国HDGEC研究的未来发展走势。展望未来,我国HDGEC研究应立足国情,着眼全球,把握趋势与时机,在重大研究问题、能力建设等方面有所发展、突破。