内陆干旱区水循环危机性标识与特征——以西北黑河流域为例

大量实测资料及综合研究表明,在内陆干旱区人类活动对水循环变异影响状况具有独特的标识特征,且具有一定的警示性和重要指导意义。当水循环中研究区径流量实测值离均系数小于0时,表明这时该水循环过程已失去了天然状态特征,实测径流量累计过程线明显偏离天然径流量累计过程线。在年内,每年的5月份受春旱农灌大量引用出山地表径流水量影响,地表径流量及其累计过程线偏离天然径流过程线最为严重,地下水补给量及泉水溢出水量也具有类似衰变特征。上述水循环衰减的程度,与该流域中游区灌溉面积和引用水量增加密切相关。其中20世纪80～90年代人类活动对流域水循环衰变影响程度从50年代的19%增大至54%,远超过流域尺度水循环自然调节能力,其拐点为37%。     

青藏块体及其边缘的强震活动图象及动力源讨论

通过对中国西部地区强震活动特征的研究，发现该地区存在有３组取向不同，然而近似三等间距分布的６级以上强震空带，相邻空带间距约５°，宽约１°。从青藏块体边界可能作用有周期性力的角度对上述现象进行了初步的解释，认为这种现象可能是边界上３组周期力产生的应力波在块体内迭加形成的驻波所致，其波长与前人所得到的构造波波长非常符合。     

Environmental quality indicators: where to from here?

Environmental or land quality indicators are being developed internationally as a means whereby the ‘State of the Environment’ (SoE) can be assessed and trends monitored. In Australia, the use of indicators in SoE reporting is in its early stages of development. Indicators have been developed, in relation to agriculture, for flora and fauna, soil, chemical contamination, surface waters and groundwater. Internationally, the World Bank has listed ‘indicators of pressure’ on the land, ‘indicators of state and impact’, and ‘indicators of response’ for each of seven major issues of land degradation. Late in 1996, an ‘indicators of catchment health’ workshop in Australia identified a relatively small number of key indicators relating to farm productivity, soil health, water quality and ‘landscape integrity’, later adding social indicators, and also distinguishing between indicators at farm and catchment scales. A broad range of other indicators was also considered by various participants in the workshop, which concluded by supporting a nationally co‐ordinated effort and the establishment of a national steering committee. Although most indicators are static measures, those from which predictions can be made require a greater emphasis on the functioning of the system. This implies that indicators are only one aspect of system modelling, and that environmental or land assessment needs to progress further than the search for quality indicators. Since this involves both biophysical and human processes, geographers should be playing a central role.     

Environmentally efficient well-being: Is there a Kuznets curve?

The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) posits an inverted “U” shaped relationship between the affluence of a nation and the stress it places on the biophysical environment, with increases in affluence from low to moderate levels producing increased environmental stress but further increases eventually leading to a tipping point after which further affluence reduces environmental stress. We hypothesized that the same pattern might obtain for the relationship between affluence and the efficiency with which a nation produces human well-being compared to the stress it places on the environment. The environmental intensity of human well-being (EIWB) was represented as the ratio of a nation’s per capita ecological footprint to its average life expectancy at birth. Using panel data on 58 nations, we find that, on average, the relationship between gross domestic product per capita and EIWB is a U shape, the inverse of the Kuznets curve.     

生态环境地质学初探

针对当代地质学拓宽服务领域之要求,指出地质学、生物学、环境学交叉形成新的生长点——生态环境地质学。简述了生态环境地质学提出的科学依据、研究现状,提出了其存在问题和发展方向。     

水-生态-经济系统中人文因素作用研究进展

水资源系统的状态受人文因素与自然因素的影响,人文因素也受水资源系统的状态和自然因素的影响.要从中辨析人文因素的作用,需将人文因素和自然因素纳入统一的框架中分析.目前采用的统一框架主要有统一的分析尺度和时空尺度两种.在辨析当前国内外人文因素作用研究的趋势和热点的基础上,从分析尺度和时空尺度的角度系统全面的总结了相关研究的国内外进展,并针对我国典型内陆河流域的特征,提出了研究水-生态-经济系统中人文因素作用的几点展望.     

ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY FOR EARTHQUAKE RISK IN BEIJINGAREA──THE APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM（GIS）

ＡＳＳＥＳＳＭＥＮＴＯＦＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＬＱＵＡＬＩＴＹＦＯＲＥＡＲＴＨＱＵＡＫＥＲＩＳＫＩＮＢＥＩＪＩＮＧＡＲＥＡ──ＴＨＥＡＰＰＬＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＧＥＯＧＲＡＰＨＩＣＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮＳＹＳＴＥＭ（ＧＩＳ）ＨａｎＺｈｕｊｕｎ；Ｊｉａ     

How are healthy,working populations affected by increasing temperatures in the tropics? Implications for climate change adaptation policies

Climate change and land use change are increasing average and extreme temperatures. Hotter temperatures can detrimentally affect workers’ health and their economic productivity and livelihoods, especially in rural areas in industrializing countries that may be more vulnerable and less resilient. A growing literature has examined these factors at large spatial scales, yet few studies have done so at finer scales. Micro-level data from developing regions is needed to understand the extent of heat exposure, as well as current and future adaptation strategies of working, healthy, and rural populations. We fill this gap using objective environmental measurements from 3M^TM Questemp^TM 46 Heat Stress Monitors, as well as survey data from working, healthy, and rural communities in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Our data contain two groups: those who work in only open areas, and those who work in both forests and open areas. We document workers’ livelihood strategies, work schedules, perceptions of how temperatures impact their work, and future adaptation strategies for even hotter days. Ambient temperatures are 2.6–8.3 °C cooler in forests compared to open areas, indicating the temperature effects of deforestation can be immediate and significant. Those working only in open areas face up to 6.5 h of exposure to temperatures above the accepted Threshold Limit Value for worker well-being. Workers adapt to hotter temperatures by altering the timing of their work shifts and breaks, indicating our sample is already adapting to increasing temperatures from climate and land use change. We also find differential adaptation strategies between those working only in open areas compared to those working in both forests and open areas, suggesting current acclimatization may be a factor in how people adapt. Our results suggest the need for adaptation and mitigation policies tailored to the unique constraints of rural workers that specifically incorporate extant adaptation strategies.     

Population densities and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: New insights on the current human settlement patterns

This paper provides the first analysis at the sub-municipality scale of the relationships between population densities and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon between 2000 and 2010. We use the database on deforestation published by the Brazilian space research center (INPE) and the population census data released by the federal geographical and statistical agency IBGE at their finest scale: the census tract level. By crossing the population density and deforestation variables, we identify ten human settlement patterns in the Amazon. There are low-low and high-high classes of population density and deforestation, but also low-high and high-low classes. This analysis helps understand the low overall relations in the Amazon for population and deforestation. We emphasize the expansion of large-scale agriculture and cattle ranching as causing the depopulation of rural areas while in many regions of the Amazon quite strong population densities coexist with relatively low extents of deforestation. Such findings stress the need to implement case-specific public policies in these regions in order to encourage human presence compatible with the conservation of forest cover and biodiversity. We also confirm the importance of the Amazon urbanization process, including the ‘discrete urbanization’ of rural areas, and the need to better recognize the distinct social and environmental problems of urban areas.     

吉林省非金属矿资源的分布及合理开发

本文座非金属矿的成矿地质环境简述了非金属矿产与岩浆建造，沉积建造，变质建筑及其亚建造的生成关系。