华北地区人类文化遗址的地球化学环境演变

在地球演化历史上,第四纪是人类诞生、发展和壮大的时代,它所形成的地质产物中记录了丰富的生态环境信息。河北省境内第四纪岩石地层(泥河湾组、赤城组、马兰组、迁安组)的风化指数CIA,Fe2O3/FeO,Fe/Mn等地球化学参数可作为年均气温、年均降雨量等气候因子的近似代用指标;华北地区人类文化遗址所在地水系沉积物中Hg,Sn和Au等元素含量随人类文明的演进而阶段性增高。这一结果表明,人类为了适应不断变化的自然地理环境(寒冷、干旱),不得不进行技术创新,从而产生了农业耕作、工业革命及现代信息产业等文明进步成果,但与此同时,却也导致了地质环境的人为污染,甚至可能引发全球温室效应。     

Pleistocene magnetochronology of the fauna and Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin: Significance for environmental and hominin evolution in North China

The fluvio-lacustrine sequences in the Nihewan Basin of North China (known as the Nihewan Formation) are rich sources of Early Pleistocene Paleolithic sites and mammalian fossils (known as the Nihewan Fauna sensu lato), which offer an excellent opportunity to investigate the evolution of early humans and land mammals in East Asia. Also abundant mammalian fossils provide clues about the general environmental and climatic setting of early humans. Among the Nihewan Fauna (sensu lato), the Daodi Fauna is one of the most complete and oldest in the eastern Nihewan Basin: seven mammalian fossil-bearing layers in the Nihewan Formation have been described. Except for a biostratigraphy, however, precise age control on the Daodi Fauna has remained unavailable. Here we report a new magnetostratigraphic record that stringently constrains its age. The seven fossil-rich layers span an age range of ca 2.5–1.8 Ma between the Gauss–Matuyama boundary and the termination of the Olduvai polarity subchron. Combining our new and recently published paleomagnetic data, we further establish a Pleistocene magnetochronology of the fauna and Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin. Age ranges of about 2.5–0.5 Ma for the faunas and 1.7–0.3 Ma for the Paleolithic sites are deduced, which span most of the Pleistocene. The chronological framework and calculated proportions of mammals that were adapted to different environments indicate that mixed settings of dominant grasslands and subordinate forests continued at least from 2.5 to 0.5 Ma for early human occupation in the basin, similar to the mixed open savannah and woodland habitats of early humans in Africa. The Nihewan hominins consistently adopted a simple Oldowan-like technology (i.e., Mode 1 core and flake technologies) from at least ca 1.7 to 0.3 Ma. A more advanced Acheulean technology (Mode 2) has not been found in the Nihewan Basin, although it started to emerge in the Bose Basin of South China at ca 0.8 Ma. This implies that multiple groups of hominins distinguished by differential stone-tool-making capabilities may have coexisted in China after 0.8 Ma.     

人类活动对1961～2016年长江流域降水变化的可能影响

人类活动造成的温室气体浓度增加对气候变化的加剧做出了贡献,降水作为重要的气象要素和水循环组成部分,人类活动对其时空变化特征的影响也是当下研究的重要课题。本文以长江流域为例,利用1961～2016年CN05.1逐日降水数据和20世纪气候检测归因计划（C20C+D&A Project）中CAM5.1-1degree模式的逐日降水结果,分析了人类活动对长江流域年降水量及三个极端降水指数时空变化的影响。结果表明:包含人类活动及自然强迫因素的现实情景（All-Hist）的模拟结果与观测结果较为相近。All-Hist情景下的多试验集合平均结果对长江流域降水的模拟能力较为可靠。通过对比两种情景下模拟的长江流域降水量时空变化特征发现:考虑人类活动影响后,长江流域平均降水相对于仅考虑自然强迫情景下时呈现减少趋势,且减少趋势随时间推移加剧;极端降水受人类活动的影响随时间呈现出的增加趋势有所削弱;对平均降水及极端降水变化趋势的影响存在空间差异性,其中受人类活动影响最严重的是上游中部、东南部及中下游东南部地区,均呈现减少趋势;但在长江上游西南部极端降水受人类活动影响显著增加,需要加强该区域洪涝预防工作。另外,人类活动对平均降水的减少贡献最大的时段为2000～2009年,影响最明显季节为秋冬两季;人类活动对极端降水的影响与降水的极端程度成正相关,降水极端性越强,受人类活动影响的变化程度更大,且空间分布上的差异性也更加显著。     

1971—2018年陕西省人体舒适度日数时空变化特征

根据1971—2018年陕西省94个气象观测站逐日气象资料,采用线性倾向率、累积距平、小波分析和EOF分析等方法,对陕西省人体舒适度日数时空变化特征进行了统计分析。结果表明：陕西全省大部分时间体感状态为从冷到舒适,日数占85.2%;体感状态为暖和以上日数较少,无炎热和酷热天气。1981—2018年陕西省平均人体舒适日数为132 d,呈显著增多趋势,线性倾向率为0.524 d·a^-1,四季中春、夏两季人体舒适日数增加最为显著。人体舒适日数存在准4 a和准8 a的振荡周期,滑动T检验表明陕西省及三个地区的人体舒适日数均在1997年左右发生了明显的突变。陕西全省3—11月均存在舒适日,舒适日数主要分布在5—9月,陕北7—8月舒适日数较多,陕西中部6—8月舒适日数较多,陕西南部6—9月舒适日数较多。年人体舒适日数呈现南多北少的空间分布特征,陕南汉中和安康地区最多。EOF分析结果显示,年均人体舒适日数异常分布在全省存在一致性。倾向率空间分布表明陕西全省80%的地区人体舒适日数均呈增长趋势,仅榆林北部、延安北部和安康东部11个区县人体舒适日数呈减少趋势。陕西全省不舒适日数变化...     

Environmental commitments in different types of democracies: The role of liberal,social-liberal,and deliberative politics

Since a more substantial recognition of environmental degradation in the 1960s, the scholarly community has looked at democracy with mixed feelings. Some assert that democracy is devastating for the environmental performance, some claim the opposite, while others suggest that certain democratic models are more successful than others in paving the way for sustainability. Both political theorists and empirical scholars add fuel to this debate, and neither has settled the argument yet. In this paper we make use of recently collected data from the Varieties of Democracy project on different conceptions of democracy and address both these literatures. We empirically test whether different features of democracies, i.e., liberal in its thinner understanding, social-liberal, and deliberative, are more or less beneficial for environmental commitments. We investigate which of these features make democracies more prone to produce environmental policy outputs – adopt climate laws, deliver on them, develop stringent environmental policies, and incorporate sustainability into economic policies. We find that democracies with stronger deliberative features adopt more, but not necessarily stricter or more effective, environmental policies. Instead, democracies with stronger social-liberal features adopt both stricter and more effective policies.     

Conservation,contraception and controversy: Supporting human rights to enable sustainable fisheries in Madagascar

Environmental NGOs are increasingly called upon to respect human rights when undertaking conservation programs. Evaluating a family planning program running alongside marine management measures in Madagascar, we find that family planning services provided by an environmental NGO can support women’s reproductive rights. Family planning services allow the option of smaller families, and give more time to work, increased income and better health. These benefits do not translate into increased support for, or participation in, marine management, however, and women who are able to work more are typically fishing more. We identify patriarchal norms as a key factor preventing the family planning programme from manifesting in improved resource stewardship, limiting opportunities for women to participate fully in resource management meetings and diversify their livelihood outside traditional tasks, including fishing. We propose that a successful human rights-based approach must be more comprehensive, targeting multiple rights and challenging existing institutions and power structures.     

Public concern about,and desire for research into,the human health effects of marine plastic pollution: Results from a 15-country survey across Europe and Australia

Marine plastic pollution is caused by humans and has become ubiquitous in the marine environment. Despite the widely acknowledged ecological consequences, the scientific evidence regarding detrimental human health impacts is currently debated, and there is no substantive evidence surrounding public opinion with respect to marine plastic pollution and human health. Results from a 15-country survey (n = 15,179) found that both the European and Australian public were highly concerned about the potential human health impacts of marine plastic pollution, and strongly supported the funding of research which aims to better understand its health/wellbeing implications. Multi-level modelling revealed that these perceptions varied across socio-demographic factors (e.g. gender), political orientation, marine contact factors (e.g. marine occupation and engagement in coastal recreation activities) and personality traits (e.g. openness, conscientiousness and agreeableness). Quantifying attitudes, as well as understanding how individual-level differences shape risk perception will enable policy makers and communicators to develop more targeted communications and initiatives that target a reduction in marine plastic pollution.     

辽宁能源水资源与环境问题探讨

在分析辽宁能源状况和水资源量与分布状况及生态环境现状的基础上,揭示了经济发展与生态环境方面存在的矛盾,针对辽宁的能源利用率低、水环境安全受到威胁、区域环境污染集中等问题,结合辽宁实际情况,对此进行了探讨并提出了对策与建议。     

丘陵浅山地区风速幂指数及其在大气环境质量预测中的应用

根据丘陵浅山地区8个测点低空风速实测资料进行风速廓线拟合，求得风速幂指数，将大气环境质量预测中的风速模式化，用来预测大气污染物的浓度分布。     

热气候指数评价中国南方城市夏季舒适度

利用南方14个城市1981-2013年6-9月的逐日气象资料,根据生物环境特点,制定了基于通用热气候指数的新评价方法,对中国南方城市夏季舒适度进行评价研究。结果表明:中国南方城市的高温不舒适天数近33 a来以3.4 d/10a的速度增加,并有5 a震荡周期。舒适度排名显示,体感温度最高的4个城市分别为重庆、福州、南昌和长沙,杭州与重庆的体感舒适度下降速率较快。对比高温不舒适天数和高温日数发现,两者具有很好的一致性,证明了高温不舒适度与气温关系的密切性。同时,由于热气候指标计算要素的多重考虑,结果与高温日数存在一些差异,但其更具有一定参考和应用价值。